Black oat phytomass and nutrient accumulation as affected by surface application of lime and phosphogypsum during establishment of no-tillage system

Com o objetivo de avaliar a influência da aplicação de calcário e gesso em superfície, na implantação do sistema plantio direto, sobre a produção de matéria seca e ciclagem de nutrientes pela aveia-preta, foi realizado um experimento, nos anos de 2003 e 2004, em um Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico. O delineamento foi de blocos casualizados com parcelas subdivididas e quatro repetições. As parcelas foram constituídas por quatro doses de calcário dolomítico (0, 1.100, 2.700 e 4.300kg ha-1) e as subparcelas pela aplicação ou não de 2.100kg ha-1 de gesso agrícola. Os tratamentos foram aplicados em outubro de 2002. A aplicação de calcário em superfície não afetou a produção de matéria seca da aveia-preta em sistema plantio direto, tanto na presença quanto na ausência de gesso. O teor de Ca e S-SO4(2-) no solo e a absorção de S pela cultura da aveia-preta foram incrementados pela aplicação de gesso agrícola. em ano com menor disponibilidade hídrica, a aplicação de gesso agrícola em superfície favoreceu a produção de matéria seca e aumentou os teores de N e Ca, e o acúmulo de N, Ca, Fe e Zn pela aveia-preta.In order to evaluate the influence of lime and phosphogypsum surface application, during establishment of no-tillage system, on black oat dry matter yield and nutrient cycling, an experiment was carried out during 2003 and 2004, on a Haplorthox. A randomized complete block design, in split-plot arrangement, and four replications was used. The plots consisted of four dolomitic limestone levels (0; 1,100; 2,700; and 4,300kg ha-1). The subplots were represented by presence or absence of phosphogypsum application (2,100kg ha-1). The treatments were applied in October 2002. Surface application of lime did not affect black oat dry matter yield in no-tillage system, in both presence and absence of phosphogypsum application. Phosphogypsum increased Ca and S-SO4(2-) contents in soil and S uptake by black oat crop. In year with less water availability, the surface application of phosphogypsum promoted increasing on dry matter yield, N and Ca contents, and N, Ca, Fe, and Zn accumulation by black oat crop

Plantas de cobertura e manejo da época de aplicação de herbicida na produção de soja em sistema plantio direto

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de plantas de cobertura e época de aplicação de herbicidas antes do semeio na produtividade da soja em plantio direto. O experimento consistiu em quatro plantas de cobertura (Panicum maximum, Urochloa ruziziensis, U. brizantha e milheto) e pousio, além de quatro épocas de aplicação de herbicidas (30, 20, 10 e 0 dias antes do semeio da soja), em sistema plantio direto (SPD), e em dois tratamentos controle em sistema convencional (SC). Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, com parcelas subdivididas e três repetições. Soja sobre pousio, P. maximum, U. ruziziensis, U. brizantha e milheto em SPD e soja sobre U. brizantha em SC não diferiram significativamente entre si quanto à produtividade. Soja sobre pousio em SC resultou em redução significativa na produtividade da soja, em comparação aos demais tratamentos. Aquantidade de palha na superfície do solo não teve efeito significativo na produtividade da soja. O manejo químico de P. maximum e U. brizantha próximo à época de semeadura da soja causa dano significativo na produtividade da soja. Entretanto, a época de aplicação do herbicida após pousio, U. ruziziensis e milheto não afeta a produtividade da soja.The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of cover crops and timing of pre-emergence herbicide applications on soybean yield under no-tillage system. The experiment consisted of four cover crops (Panicum maximum, Urochloa ruziziensis, U. brizantha, and pearl millet) and fallow, in addition to four herbicide timings (30, 20, 10, and 0 days before soybean sowing), under no-tillage system (NTS), and of two control treatments under conventional tillage system (CTS). The experimental design was a completely randomized block, in a split-plot arrangement, with three replicates. Soybean under fallow, P. maximum, U. ruziziensis, U. brizantha, and pearl millet in the NTS and soybean under U. brizantha in the CTS did not differ significantly regarding yield. Soybean under fallow in the CTS significantly reduced yield when compared to the other treatments. The amount of straw on soil surface did not significantly affect soybean yield. Chemical management of P. maximum and U. brizantha near the soybean sowing date causes significant damage in soybean yield. However, herbicide timing in fallow, U. ruziziensis, and pearl millet does not affect soybean yield

Nutrients concentrations in the flag leaf and grains of black-oat affected by phosphate and potassium fertilization

The black oat (Avena strigosa Schreber) has been commonly used as green manure, in crop rotation systems under no-tillage, fall-winter crop, and for cattle grazing, hay, and silage. The objective of this work was to evaluate the nutrient concentrations in the flag leaf and grains of black-oat affect by phosphate and potassium fertilization. The experiment was carried Out under field conditions on a Rhodic Nitosol, in Botucatu, São Paulo State, Brazil. Three doses of single superphosphate (0, 40 and 80 kg.ha(-1) of P(2)O(5)) and three of potassium chloride (0, 20 and 40 kg ha(-1) of K(2)O) were tested as a factorial (3 x 3), in a randomized complete block design, with four replicates. The fertilizers were applied in the sowing row. Ammonium sulphate was supplied for all plots (20 kg ha(-1) of N applied at sowing and 30 kg.ha(-1) after tillering stage). The concentrations of Ca, Mg, S, Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn in the flag leaf and the P and K concentrations in the grain were increased by phosphate fertilizer application. The potassic fertilization had no effect on the concentrations of nutrients in the flag leaf and grains of black-oat

Silica deposition and rate the nitrogen is silicon in rice

The nitrogen fertilization is an important practice to reach high productivity, however, nitrogen high level can cause lodging and make the plants more sensitive to disease. Numerous studies has demonstrate that a lot of grasses accumulate silicon at its tissues, and the biggest part of this element is deposited on the leaf, that would work like a mechanical barrier to diseases come in. However, high levels of nitrogen can reduce the silica deposition at the plants. The objective of this study was to evaluate silicon and nitrogen content in shoot and silica deposition in upland rice leaf as a result of Si and N levels. The experimental design used was completely randomized in factorial schema 3 x 2 with five replications. The treatments consisted from levels of N (5, 75 and 150 mg dm-3 of soil) in urea form and two levels of SiO2 (0 e 400 mg dm-3) in calcium silicate form (Wollastonita). The increased of urea fertilization reduced the silicon content of rice plants and the silica deposition at the external cells wall the epidermal rice leafs