Wine Lees as Source of Antioxidant Molecules: Green Extraction Procedure and Biological Activity

An ultrasound-assisted extraction method, employing ethanol and water as solvents at low temperature (30 °C) and reduced time (15 min), was proposed to extract bioactive molecules from different cultivars (Magliocco Canino, Magliocco Rosato, Gaglioppo, and Nocera Rosso) of wine lees. All the extract yields were evaluated and their contents of phenolic acids, flavonoids, and total polyphenols were determined by means of colorimetric assays and high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode-array detection (HPLC-DAD) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) techniques. Radical scavenging assays were performed and the Magliocco Canino extracted with a hydroalcoholic mixture returned the best results both against ABTS (0.451 mg mL−1) and DPPH (0.395 mg mL−1) radicals. The chemometric algorithms principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least square regression (PLS) were used to process the data obtained from all qualitative–quantitative sample determinations with the aim of highlighting data patterns and finding possible correlations between composition and antioxidant features of the different wine lees cultivars and the extraction procedures. Wine lees from Magliocco Canino and Magliocco Rosato were found to be the best vegetable matrices in terms of metabolite content and antioxidant properties. The components extracted with alcoholic or hydroalcoholic solvents, specifically (−)-epigallocatechin gallate, chlorogenic acid, and trans-caftaric acid, were found to be correlated with the antioxidant capacity of the extracts. Multivariate data processing was able to identify the compounds related to the antioxidant features. Two PLS models were optimized by using their concentration levels to predict the IC50 values of the extracts in terms of DPPH and ABTS with high values of correlation coefficient R2, 0.932 and 0.824, respectively, and a prediction error lower than 0.07. Finally, cellular (SH-SY5Y cells) antioxidant assays were performed on the best extract (the hydroalcoholic extract of Magliocco Canino cv) to confirm its biological performance against radical species. All these recorded data strongly outline the aptness of valorizing wine lees as a valuable source of antioxidants

Monitoraggio microbiologico ambientale nei musei: conservazione preventiva delle collezioni grafiche

Summary In museums, the biological component of indoor air, called bioaerosol or biological aerosol, is a potential biodeteriogen for graphic collections. The biological particles settling on the surface of artworks find favorable nutritional and environmental conditions for their growth, and promote biodeterioration. As is well known, biological attacks depend on microclimatic conditions; for this reason their control is essential to assess contamination and estimate biological risks. This article presents the partial application of a methodological model, in the National Institute of Graphic Arts (Istituto Nazionale per la Grafica-ING), a museum of international importance in Rome, on a collection of ancient drawings in the Fondo Corsini, preserved in repository no.1. This model is based on an integrated system of biological environmental monitoring (air and surfaces) in association with microclimatic monitoring (repository no.1, cabinet no.6, volumes, drawings and outdoor) carried out in an interdisciplinary research project.The values of thermohygrometric parameters were stable enough during the monitored month and had no daily fluctuations. The qualitative and quantitative analysis of air contamination and that on the surfaces of drawings did not show a critical situation.This article describes a pilot study which has focused attention on the biological contamination of the graphic collections and is a contribution to standardizing a system of diagnosis-intervention for preventive conservation of organic cultural heritage preserved in museums and in other indoor environments and the protection of the health of operators and visitors.Riassunto Nei musei la componente biologica dell’aria, chiamata bioaerosol o aerosol biologico, rappresenta un potenziale biodeteriogeno per le collezioni grafiche aventi come supporto la carta. Le particelle biologiche quando si depositano sulla superficie del manufatto e trovano condizioni nutrizionali ed ambientali favorevoli per la loro crescita causano il biodeterioramento. Come è noto gli attacchi biologici sono fortemente condizionati dalle condizioni microclimatiche, per questo il loro controllo è essenziale per la valutazione della contaminazione e la stima del rischio biologico. In questo articolo viene presentata l’applicazione parziale di un modello metodologico presso l’Istituto Nazionale per la Grafica (ING), un organismo museale di rilevanza internazionale con sede a Roma, su una raccolta di disegni antichi appartenenti al Fondo Corsini, conservato nel deposito di conservazione n°1. Tale modello è basato su un sistema integrato di monitoraggio microbiologico (aria e superfici) e monitoraggio microclimatico (interno ed esterno ambiente, opere ed arredi) e realizzato su un progetto di ricerca interdisciplinare. Dai risultati ottenuti emerge che i parametri termoigrometrici non mostrano fluttuazioni durante tutto il mese monitorato e il loro andamento risulta stabile. Dall’analisi qualitativa e quantitativa della contaminazione microbica nell’aria e sulle superfici dei disegni è emersa una situazione di non criticità. Questo lavoro riporta uno studio pilota che ha focalizzato l’attenzione sul rischio biologico per le collezioni grafiche, come contributo alla standardizzazione di un sistema di diagnosi-intervento per la conservazione preventiva del patrimonio culturale di natura organica conservato nei musei e in tutti gli ambienti confinati di conservazione ed esposizione e per la protezione della salute degli operatori e visitatori.Résumé Dans les musées, la composante biologique de l’air, appelée bioaerosol ou aérosol biologique, correspond à une menace potentielle de détérioration biologique pour les collections d’arts graphiques sur support papier. Lorsqu’elles se déposent sur la surface de l’objet, et lorsqu’elles y trouvent des conditions nutritionnelles et environnementales favorables à leur croissance, les particules biologiques en provoquent la biodétérioration. Il est bien connu que les attaques biologiques sont fortement influencées par les conditions microclimatiques. Dès lors, il devient primordial de les contrôler pour évaluer la contamination et pour estimer le risque biologique. Cet article traite de l’application partielle d’un modèle méthodologique chez l’Institut national des arts graphiques (Istituto Nazionale per la Grafica, ING), un organisme muséal d’importance internationale dont le siège est à Rome, notamment sur un recueil de dessins anciens du Fonds Corsini conservés dans le dépôt de conservation n. 1. Ce modèle est fondé sur un système intégré de surveillance microbiologique (air et surfaces) et surveillance microclimatique (environnement interne et externe, oeuvres et éléments de la décoration), qui a été mis en place dans le cadre d’un projet de recherche multidisciplinaire.Les résultats obtenus montrent que les paramètres thermiques et hydrométriques ne fluctuent pas au cours du mois étudié, leur évolution étant stable. L’analyse qualiquantitative de la contamination microbienne de l’air et des surfaces des dessins fait ressortir l’absence de criticités. Ce travail relate les résultats d’une étude pilote qui s’est concentrée tout particulièrement sur le risque biologique pour les collections d’arts graphiques, afin de contribuer à la standardisation d’un système de diagnostic et d’intervention pour la conservation préventive du patrimoine culturel de nature organique des musées et de tous les lieux de conservation et d’exposition confinés, en vue d’assurer aussi la protection de la santé des opérateurs et des visiteurs.Zusammenfassung In den Museen stellt die als Bio-Aerosol oder biologisches Aerosol bezeichnete Komponente der Luft einen potentiellen biologischen Schadfaktor für alle grafischen Sammlungen dar, deren Trägermaterial Papier ist. Wenn biologische Partikel sich auf der Oberfläche eines Manufakts ablagern und dort für ihr Wachstum günstige Ernährungs und Umgebungsbedingungen vorfinden, verursachen sie eine biologische Schädigung. Wie bekannt, sind biologische Angriffe stark von den mikroklimatischen Bedingungen abhängig. Deshalb ist deren Kontrolle eine wesentliche Voraussetzung für die Beurteilung der Kontamination und die Einschätzung des biologischen Risikos.In diesem Artikel präsentieren wir die partielle Anwendung einer Modellmethode beim Istituto Nazionale per la Grafica (ING), einer Museums-Organisation von internationaler Bedeutung mit Sitz in Rom. Diese Anwendung betrifft eine Sammlung antiker Zeichnungen aus dem Besitz des Fondo Corsini, die im Konservierungslager Nr. 1 verwahrt ist. Das genannte Modell basiert auf einem integrierten (Luft und Flächen) mikrobiologischen und mikroklimatischen Überwachungssystem (Umgebung innen und außen, Werke und Einrichtung) und wurde aufgrund eines interdisziplinären Forschungsprojekts realisiert. Aus den Ergebnissen zeigt sich, dass die Wärmeund Feuchtigkeitsparameter während des gesamten Überwachungsmonats keine Schwankungen aufweisen und der Verlauf der Werte gleichbleibend ist. Aus der Qualitäts- und Mengenanalyse der bakteriellen Kontamination der Luft und der Oberflächen der Zeichnungen ergibt sich eine nicht kritische Situation. Das vorliegende Schriftstück berichtet über eine Pilotstudie, deren Brennpunkt das biologische Risiko für graphische  Sammlungen war. Sie soll zur Standardisierung eines Diagnose- und Maßnahmensystems zur vorbeugenden Konservierung des Kulturbestands aus organischem Material beitragen, der in den Museen bzw. in geschlossenen Aufbewahrungs- und Ausstellungsräumen verwahrt ist, sowie zum Schutz der Gesundheit von Beschäftigten und Besuchern.Resumen En los museos, el componente biológico del aire, llamado bioaerosol o aerosol biológico, es un potencial agente biológico deteriorante de las colecciones gráficas realizadas sobre papel. Cuando las partículas biológicas se depositan sobre la superficie del objeto y encuentran condiciones nutricionales y ambientales favorables para su crecimiento provocan el deterioro biológico. Se sabe que los ataques biológicos están estrechamente vinculados a las condiciones del microclima. Por ello resulta fundamental controlarlas con miras a evaluar la contaminación y valorar el riesgo biológico.En este artículo se presenta la aplicación parcial de un modelo metodológico en el Istituto Nazionale per la Grafica (ING), organismo museológico de relevancia internacional sito en Roma, a una colección de dibujos antiguos pertenecientes al Fondo Corsini, guardado en el depósito de conservación nº 1. Dicho modelo se basa en un sistema integrado de seguimiento microbiológico (aire y superficies) y monitorización del microclima (ambiente interior y exterior, obras y decoraciones) aplicado en el marco de un proyecto de investigación interdisciplinario. De los resultados obtenidos se desprende que los parámetros térmicos e higrométricos no han mostrado fluctuaciones durante la totalidad del mes monitorizado y su evolución resulta ser estable. El análisis cualitativo y cuantitativo de la contaminación microbiana del aire y las superficies de los dibujos revela una situación no crítica. Este trabajo presenta un estudio piloto que centra su atención en el riesgo biológico al que están expuestas las colecciones gráficas y constituye una contribución para la creación de un sistema estándar de diagnostico-intervención con el fin de conservar de manera preventiva el patrimonio cultural de tipo orgánico que se guarda en los museos y en todos los lugares destinados a la conservación y la exposición, así como para proteger la salud de operadores y visitantes.简介 博物馆中空气中的生物组成成份，被称为有机气溶胶，是以纸张形式书画藏品一个潜在的生物腐蚀威胁。当生物颗粒附着于工艺品上，并获得营养物供给以及合适的繁殖环境，它们就会造成生物腐蚀问题。众所周知，微环境条件决定了微生物的破坏性，因此微环境的控制对污染评估及生物危害评估尤为重要。这篇文章介绍了国家书画协会（ING）所使用的部分应用，该协会位于罗马，是具有国际影响力的博物馆型组织，其中收藏了一系列归属于Corsini基金会的一级古老书绘画藏品。该应用模型基于一套完备的微生物监控（空气及表面）和微环境监控（内外部环境，作品及装饰），并融合多学科研究为一体。根据检测结果得出，在检测月期间，温度-湿参数无波动，走向平稳。由空气、绘画表面微生物污染的质、量分析得出无危险性。这项报告引发了新研究，将注意力指向了书画藏品所面对的生物威胁，如针对博物馆或其它保存、展览环境中的天然成分文化遗产的预防性保存，提供了一个标准化诊断-干预系统，并为工作人员及游客的身体健康提供保护。Резюме Биологические компоненты воздуха, т.н. биоаэрозоль или биологический аэ-розоль, является потенциальным биовредителем для графических коллекций на бумажном носителе в музеях. При оседании на поверхности артефакта и в присутствии благоприятных для их развития условий питания и окружающей среды биологические частицы наносят ущерб. Как известно, биологическая атака сильно зависит от микроклиматических условий, поэтому, их контроль играет фундаментальную роль в оценке загрязнения и биологического риска. В этой статье представлено частичное применение методологической модели в Национальном институте графики (ING) - римском музее международного значения, на собрании старинных рисунков из фонда Корсини, хранящегося в фондохранилище № 1. Эта модель основана на интегрированной системе микробиологического мониторинга (воздуха и поверхностей) и микроклиматического мониторинга (внутри и вне помещения, произведений и мебели) и была создана в результате междисципли-нарного исследовательского проекта. Полученные результаты показывают, что термо-гигрометрические параметры не претерпели колебаний в течение месяца, когда велось наблюдение, и их уровень является стабильным. Качественный и количественный анализ микробного загрязнения воздуха и поверхности рисунков обнаружил некритическое состояние. В этой работе представлено пилотное ис-следование, сфокусированное на биологическом риске для графических коллек-ций, вносящее вклад в стандартизацию системы диагноза и вмешательства для профилактической консервации объектов культурного достояния органического происхождения, хранящихся в музеях и других закрытых средах для хранения и экспозиции, а также для охраны здоровья работников и посетителей

Effects of Sweet Cherry Polyphenols on Enhanced Osteoclastogenesis Associated With Childhood Obesity

Childhood obesity is associated with the development of severe comorbidities, such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and increased risk of osteopenia/osteoporosis and fractures. The status of low-grade inflammation associated to obesity can be reversed through an enhanced physical activity and by consumption of food enrich of anti-inflammatory compounds, such as omega-3 fatty acids and polyphenols. The aim of this study was to deepen the mechanisms of bone impairment in obese children and adolescents through the evaluation of the osteoclastogenic potential of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), and the assessment of the serum levels of RANKL and osteoprotegerin (OPG). Furthermore, we aimed to evaluate the in vitro effects of polyphenol cherry extracts on osteoclastogenesis, as possible dietary treatment to improve bone health in obese subjects. High RANKL levels were measured in obese with respect to controls (115.48 ± 35.20 pg/ml vs. 87.18 ± 17.82 pg/ml; p < 0.01), while OPG levels were significantly reduced in obese than controls (378.02 ± 61.15 pg/ml vs. 436.75 ± 95.53 pg/ml, respectively, p < 0.01). Lower Ad-SoS- and BTT Z-scores were measured in obese compared to controls (p < 0.05). A significant elevated number of multinucleated TRAP+ osteoclasts (OCs) were observed in the un-stimulated cultures of obese subjects compared to the controls. Interestingly, obese subjects displayed a higher percentage of CD14+/CD16+ than controls. Furthermore, in the mRNA extracts of obese subjects we detected a 2.5- and 2-fold increase of TNFα and RANKL transcripts compared to controls, respectively. Each extract of sweet cherries determined a dose-dependent reduction in the formation of multinucleated TRAP+ OCs. Consistently, 24 h treatment of obese PBMCs with sweet cherry extracts from the three cultivars resulted in a significant reduction of the expression of TNFα. In conclusion, the bone impairment in obese children and adolescents is sustained by a spontaneous osteoclastogenesis that can be inhibited in vitro by the polyphenol content of sweet cherries. Thus, our study opens future perspectives for the use of sweet cherry extracts, appropriately formulated as nutraceutical food, as preventive in healthy children and therapeutic in obese ones

Hypericum perforatum treatment: effect on behaviour and neurogenesis in a chronic stress model in mice

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Extracts of <it>Hypericum perforatum </it>(St. John's wort) have been traditionally recommended for a wide range of medical conditions, in particular mild-to-moderate depression. The present study was designed to investigate the effect of Hypericum perforatum treatment in a mouse model of anxiety/depressive-like behavior, induced by chronic corticosterone administration.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>CD1 mice were submitted to 7 weeks corticosterone administration and then behavioral tests as Open Field (OF), Novelty-Suppressed Feeding (NSF), Forced Swim Test (FST) were performed. Cell proliferation in hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) was investigated by both 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) and doublecortin (DCX) immunohistochemistry techniques and stereological procedure was used to quantify labeled cells. Golgi-impregnation method was used to evaluate changes in dendritic spines in DG. Hypericum perforatum (30 mg/Kg) has been administered for 3 weeks and then neural development in the adult hippocampus and behavioral changes have been examined.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The anxiety/depressive-like state due to chronic corticosterone treatment was reversed by exogenous administration of Hypericum perforatum; the proliferation of progenitor cells in mice hippocampus was significantly reduced under chronic corticosterone treatment, whereas a long term treatment with Hypericum perforatum prevented the corticosterone-induced decrease in hippocampal cell proliferation. Corticosterone-treated mice exhibited a reduced spine density that was ameliorated by Hypericum perforatum administration.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>These results provide evidence of morphological adaptations occurring in mature hippocampal neurons that might underlie resilient responses to chronic stress and contribute to the therapeutic effects of chronic Hypericum perforatum treatment.</p

Microbial environmental monitoring in museums: Preventive conservation of graphic collections

In museums, the biological component of indoor air, called bioaerosol or biological aerosol, is a potential biodeteriogen for graphic collections. The biological particles settling on the surface of artworks find favorable nutritional and environmental conditions for their growth, and promote biodeterioration. As is well known, biological attacks depend on microclimatic conditions; for this reason their control is essential to assess contamination and estimate biological risks. This article presents the partial application of a methodological model, in the National Institute of Graphic Arts (Istituto Nazionale per la Grafica-ING), a museum of international importance in Rome, on a collection of ancient drawings in the Fondo Corsini, preserved in repository no.1. This model is based on an integrated system of biological environmental monitoring (air and surfaces) in association with microclimatic monitoring (repository no.1, cabinet no.6, volumes, drawings and outdoor) carried out in an interdisciplinary research project. The values of thermohygrometric parameters were stable enough during the monitored month and had no daily fluctuations. The qualitative and quantitative analysis of air contamination and that on the surfaces of drawings did not show a critical situation. This article describes a pilot study which has focused attention on the biological contamination of the graphic collections and is a contribution to standardizing a system of diagnosis-intervention for preventive conservation of organic cultural heritage preserved in museums and in other indoor environments and the protection of the health of operators and visitors

The Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Anacardium occidentale L. Cashew Nuts in a Mouse Model of Colitis

Background: Anacardium occidentale L. is a tropical plant used for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. The goal of the present work was to investigate the anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant potential of oral administration of cashew nuts (from Anacardium occidentale L.) in a mouse model of colitis. Methods: Induction of colitis was performed by intrarectally injection of dinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (DNBS). Cashew nuts were administered daily orally (100 mg/kg) in DNBS-injected mice. Results: Four days after DNBS, histological and macroscopic colon alterations as well as marked clinical signs and increased cytokine production were observed. Neutrophil infiltration, measured by myeloperoxidase (MPO) positive immunostaining, was correlated with up-regulation of adhesion molecules ICAM-1 and P-selectin in colons. Oxidative stress was detected with increased malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, nitrotyrosine, and poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) positive staining in inflamed colons. Oral treatment with cashew nuts reduced histological, macroscopic damage, neutrophil infiltration, pro-inflammatory cytokines and MDA levels, as well as nitrotyrosine, PARP and ICAM-1, and P-selectin expressions. Colon inflammation could be related to nuclear factor (NF)-kB pathway activation and reduced manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) antioxidant activity. Cashew nuts administration inhibited NF-kB and increased MnSOD antioxidant expressions. Conclusions: The results suggested that oral assumption of cashew nuts may be beneficial for the management of colitis

Consumption of Cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) Nuts Counteracts Oxidative Stress and Tissue Inflammation in Mild Hyperhomocysteinemia in Rats

Hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) is a methionine metabolism problem that causes a variety of inflammatory illnesses. Oxidative stress is among the processes thought to be involved in the pathophysiology of the damage produced by HHcy. HHcy is likely to involve the dysfunction of several organs, such as the kidney, liver, or gut, which are currently poorly understood. Nuts are regarded as an important part of a balanced diet since they include protein, good fatty acids, and critical nutrients. The aim of this work was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of cashew nuts in HHcy induced by oral methionine administration for 30 days, and to examine the possible pathways involved. In HHcy rats, cashew nuts (100 mg/kg orally, daily) were able to counteract clinical biochemical changes, oxidative and nitrosative stress, reduced antioxidant enzyme levels, lipid peroxidation, proinflammatory cytokine release, histological tissue injuries, and apoptosis in the kidney, colon, and liver, possibly by the modulation of the antioxidant nuclear factor erythroid 2&ndash;related factor 2 NRF-2 and inflammatory nuclear factor NF-kB pathways. Thus, the results suggest that the consumption of cashew nuts may be beneficial for the treatment of inflammatory conditions associated with HHcy

Consumption of Anacardium occidentale L. (Cashew Nuts) Inhibits Oxidative Stress through Modulation of the Nrf2/HO−1 and NF-kB Pathways

Ischemia/reperfusion injury is a severe disorder associated with a high mortality. Several antioxidant and pharmacological properties of cashew nuts (Anacardium occidentale L.) and its metabolites from different countries have recently been described. It is a medicinal plant with important therapeutic effects. This study aimed to verify the effect of an oral administration of cashew nuts in a rat model of ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). Adult male rats were subjected to intestinal I/R injury by clamping the superior mesenteric artery for 30 min and then allowing animals to 1 h of reperfusion. Rats subjected to I/R of the gut showed a significant increase in different biochemical markers. In particular, we evaluated lipid peroxidation, tissue myeloperoxidase activity, protein carbonyl content, reactive oxygen species generation and decreased antioxidant enzyme activities. Western blot analysis showed the activation of the NRF2 and NF-kB pathways. Increased immunoreactivity to nitrotyrosine, PARP, P-selectin, and ICAM-1 was observed in the ileum of rats subjected to I/R. Administration of cashew nuts (100 mg/kg) significantly reduced the mortality rate, the fall in arterial blood pressure, and oxidative stress and restored the antioxidant enzyme activities by a mechanism involving both NRF2 and NF-kB pathways. Cashew nuts treatments reduced cytokines plasma levels, nitrotyrosine, and PARP expression as well as adhesion molecules expressions. Additionally, cashew nuts decreased the intestinal barrier dysfunction and mucosal damage, the translocation of toxins and bacteria, which leads to systemic inflammation and associated organs injuries in particular of liver and kidney. Our study demonstrates that cashew nuts administration exerts antioxidant and pharmacological protective effects in superior mesenteric artery occlusion&ndash;reperfusion shock

Cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) Nuts Counteract Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in an Acute Experimental Model of Carrageenan-Induced Paw Edema

Background: Anacardium occidentale L. is a medicinal plant with powerful anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory properties. Acute inflammatory events cause tissue alterations, decrease of anti-oxidative endogenous enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione, neutrophils infiltration, increase in the activities of myeloperoxidase, malondialdehyde, and pro-inflammatory release. Methods: Paw edema was induced by subplantar injection of carrageenan into the right hind paw in rats, but 30 min before a group of animals were orally treated with 100 mg/kg of cashew nuts to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative response. Results: In the present work, we found that (1) cashew nuts reduced the development of carrageenan-induced paw edema limiting the formation of edema and pain; (2) cashew nuts ameliorated the diminutions of the anti-oxidative enzymes caused by carrageenan injection; (3) cashew nuts decreased myeloperoxidase malondialdehyde activity induced by carrageenan; and (4) cashew nuts acted by blocking pro-inflammatory cytokines response and nitrate/nitrite formation stimulated by carrageenan injection. Conclusions: The mechanisms of anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects exerted by cashew nuts were relevant to oxygen free radical scavenging, anti-lipid peroxidation, and inhibition of the formation of inflammatory cytokines