2-Oxo-2-(2-thien­yl)acetic acid

The structure of the title compound, C6H4O3S, displays inter­molecular hydrogen-bonding dimers. The structure exhibits a thienyl-ring flip disorder of the main mol­ecule [occupancy ratio = 91.3 (2):8.7 (2)]

Alternative Strategies for Large Scale Student Assessment in Canada: Is Value-Added Assessment One Possible Answer

Recent focus on student achievement and the effectiveness of schools, school boards, and teachers has lead to increased demands for accountability in education. Large scale assessments are now used in most provinces in Canada to examine the degree to which educational standards are being reached and explore issues of accountability. Alternative models of accountability such as value-added models are gaining popularity in other countries. The current paper explores weaknesses of large-scale annual assessment and investigates the degree to which value-added models may be helpful in looking at educational accountability.

A review of hydrophyte evapotranspiration

Les résultats publiés concernant l'importance relative de l'évapotranspiration des hydrophytes (ETh) et de l'évaporation d'un plan d'eau libre (EW) sont présentés et résumés. Il apparaît que le rapport ETh/EW peut être supérieur à l'unité; ce rapport dépend en outre de la nature des hydrophytes, de leur développement, de la densité de la végétation et du climat. (Résumé d'auteur

Canine Infectious Papillomatosis

On September 22,1941, an eighteen-month old, male Cocker Spaniel was admitted to the Charles Henry Stange Memorial Clinic showing papillomata between the toes of both fore-feet. No history was obtained as to the rate of growth or the length of time the warts had existed

2-(2-Chloro­phen­yl)-3-(3,4-dimeth­oxy­phen­yl)quinoxaline

The title compound, C22H17ClN2O2, was synthesized by the condensation reaction between 1,2-phenyl­enediamine and 2-chloro-3′,4′-dimeth­oxy­benzil in boiling acetic acid. The chloro­phenyl and dimeth­oxy­phenyl rings make dihedral angles of 78.45 (5) and 35.60 (4)°, respectively, with the quinoxaline unit

(1R,4S)-7,8-Dichloro-1,2,3,4-tetra­hydro-1,11,11-trimethyl-1,4-methano­phenazine

The title compound, C16H16Cl2N2, was synthesized by the condensation reaction between 4,5-dichloro-o-phenyl­ene­diamine and (1R)-(-)-camphorquinone in boiling acetic acid. The two crystallographically independent mol­ecules in the unit cell are related by a pseudo-inversion center

Textural variations in Neogene pelagic carbonate ooze at DSDP Site 593, southern Tasman Sea, and their paleoceanographic implications

Changes in Neogene sediment texture in pelagic carbonate-rich oozes on the Challenger Plateau, southern Tasman Sea, are used to infer changes in depositional paleocurrent velocities. The most obvious record of textural change is in the mud:sand ratio. Increases in the sand content are inferred to indicate a general up-core trend towards increasing winnowing of sediments resulting from increasing flow velocity of Southern Component Intermediate Water (SCIW), the forerunner of Antarctic Intermediate Water. In particular, the intervals c. 19-14.5 Ma, c. 9.5-8 Ma, and after 5 Ma are suggested to be times of increased SCIW velocity and strong sediment winnowing. Within the mud fraction, the fine silt to coarse clay sizes from 15.6 to 2 µm make the greatest contribution to the sediments and are composed of nannofossil plates. During extreme winnowing events it is the fine silt to very coarse clay material (13-3 µm) within this range that is preferentially removed, suggesting the 10 µm cohesive silt boundary reported for siliciclastic sediments does not apply to calcitic skeletal grains. The winnowed sediment comprises coccolithophore placoliths and spheres, represented by a mode at 4-7 µm. Further support for seafloor winnowing is gained from the presence in Hole 593 of a condensed sedimentary section from c. 18 to 14 Ma where the sand content increases to c. 20% of the bulk sample. Associated with the condensed section is a 6 m thick orange unit representing sediments subjected to particularly oxygen-rich, late early to early middle Miocene SCIW. Together these are inferred to indicate increased SCIW velocity resulting in winnowed sediment associated with faster arrival of oxygen-rich surface water subducted to form SCIW. Glacial development of Antarctica has been recorded from many deep-sea sites, with extreme glacials providing the mechanism to increase watermass flow. Miocene glacial zones Mi1b-Mi6 are identified in an associated oxygen isotope record from Hole 593, and correspond with times of particularly invigorated paleocirculation, bottom winnowing, and sediment textural changes

Enhancing the validity of the SAPS gold fingerprinting database through improved sample-collection techniques

This study's main focus was to analyse the methodology used by gold mines when obtaining reference samples required for gold fingerprinting analysis. Such methodology is also regulated by legislation in that in terms of the Precious Metals Act 37 of 2005 sect 22(1), "Any producer or any person who imports precious metals must submit to the Forensic Science Laboratory (FSL) of the South African Police Service (SAPS) such specimens of any precious metals produced or imported by him or her as may be prescribed". The gold mines are producers of precious metals, specifically gold, and they are therefore required to submit reference samples, which are then used by the SAPS FSL to maintain a database of gold samples. This database can then be used for comparison purposes during the forensic science of gold fingerprinting. The supporting regulations of the Precious Metals Act, Section 19 stipulate seven requirements for the submission of reference samples and this study intends to give guidelines to security officials employed on the gold mines of South Africa to ensure that these requirements are met and that the validity of the SAPS gold fingerprint database is enhanced through improved sample-collection techniques. The use of gold fingerprinting is part of the forensic investigation process used when trying to establish the origin of gold confiscated as an exhibit during police and mining security crime operations and recoveries, and this allows for victim identification in the resultant criminal trial and proper disposal of recovered gold-bearing materials that are recovered. It is important for the mine security official responsible for reference sample collection to keep in mind that the methodology used when obtaining these samples could be challenged in court and that, therefore, definitive guidelines should be followed to ensure that the most representative samples are collected and that the collection and handing over of samples meet chain of evidence requirements.Criminology and Security ScienceM.Tech (Forensic Investigation

Application of the water footprinting method and water accounting framework to a base metal refining process

The key to a sustainable future lies in understanding and utilising resources more efficiently. This holds especially for industries that seek to minimise water usage through better management of resources. Most mineral processing plants have high water requirements, yet often function in an environment where water is becoming increasingly scarce. Further, an increase in population will result in an even greater demand for water, potentially beyond the limits of supply. This would lead to even greater competition for the resource. In South Africa, Gauteng and the North West Provinces are likely to be the first to experience a shortage of potable water. A base metals refinery in Rustenburg sought to understand and minimise its potable water usage, as well as report its usage using global tools and frameworks. The two tools used in this study were the Minerals Council of Australia’s ‘Water Accounting Framework for the Minerals Industry’ (WAF) and the Water Footprinting method (WF). The potable water and stormwater systems were surveyed to assess and determine methods to improve water accountability. Using information from the survey, monthly and yearly water balances were presented in the form of a water balance sheet. Using data from the water balance, an input-output and operational model were drawn up in accordance with the WAF. The WAF models assisted in reporting data in a universally consistent manner. Blue, green and grey WFs were calculated for the refinery and recommendations were made to achieve savings in water consumption.Keywords: water, base metals, water footprint, water accounting framewor