A heteroepitaxial perovskite metal-base transistor

'More than Moore' captures a concept for overcoming limitations in silicon electronics by incorporating new functionalities in the constituent materials. Perovskite oxides are candidates because of their vast array of physical properties in a common structure. They also enable new electronic devices based on strongly-correlated electrons. The field effect transistor and its derivatives have been the principal oxide devices investigated thus far, but another option is available in a different geometry: if the current is perpendicular to the interface, the strong internal electric fields generated at back-to-back heterojunctions can be used for oxide electronics, analogous to bipolar transistors. Here we demonstrate a perovskite heteroepitaxial metal-base transistor operating at room temperature, enabled by interface dipole engineering. Analysis of many devices quantifies the evolution from hot-electron to permeable-base behaviour. This device provides a platform for incorporating the exotic ground states of perovskite oxides, as well as novel electronic phases at their interfaces

Long Beach Earthquake and Protection Against Future Earthquakes -- Summary of Report by Joint Technical Committee on Earthquake Protection, Dr. Robert A. Millikan, Chairman

To the Public of the Pacific Southwest: In response to official requests from many representative technical and civic organizations, the Joint Technical Committee on Earthquake Protection was organized after the earthquake of March 10, 1933 to consider ways and means of minimizing loss of life and property damage in the event of another earthquake of equal or greater intensity. We now present to you, in the form of this summarized report, our belief as to the seismic hazard in this region and our opinion as to the proper balance between the degree of protection to be afforded life and property and the cost of providing such protection. We sincerely hope that the lessons of the Long Beach earthquake will not be forgotten as were the lessons which should have been fixed indelibly in the minds of all by the earthquakes of the past. Joint Technical Committee on Earthquake Protection. Robert A. Millikan, Chairman. June 7-1933