The Morphophysiological, Histological, and Biochemical Response of Some Nontarget Organisms to the Stress Induced by the Pesticides in the Environment

Ferns, amphibians, and fish are groups of nontarget organisms affected by many types of pesticides that end up in the environment. This chapter aims to approach the following themes: the influence of different pesticides on the spore germination process and on the differentiation of their gametophyte; aspects regarding the impact of some pesticides on breathing in fish (physiology and histopathology at the branchial level), as well as a series of effects at the hematological and biochemical levels; and changes of some hematological, biochemical, and structural parameters in amphibians. Species that are not directly targeted by the action of the pesticide in the environment, ferns can be used in their gametophyte stage, young or mature sporophyte in different biotests to evaluate the risk associated with these substances. The biochemical, hemathological, and histopathological changes recorded in both fish and amphibians can be considered biomarkers of pesticide pollution

LIVER HISTOPATHOLOGY AT MICE WITH INDUCED DIABETES TREATED WITH VEGETAL EXTRACT OF SYLIBUM MARIANUM

In this study we have followed the liver’s histopathologic changes at CD-line mice (mice rederived from a nonconsanguineous stem) with alloxan-induced diabetes, treated with vegetal extract of Sylibum marianum. We have followed the liver’s changes of weight following the removal and its histopathologic changes. Thus, mice with weight ranging from 20 to 25 g were divided into three experimental lots, a witness lot, a lot of mice with alloxan-induced diabetes, and another lot with diabetes treated with vegetal extract of Sylibum marianum. Diabetes was induced by administering two doses of Alloxan monohydrate 0,2 ml (130 mg/kg body dissolved in physiological saline), following which 0.2 ml of vegetal extract of milk thistle was administered by gavage during two weeks. The results obtained for the liver blades sampled from the mice with diabetes showed the presence of hepatic steatosis; following the administration of the vegetal extract to the mice with diabetes a decrease of the blisters full of neutral lipids (hepatic triglycerides) can be noticed, which reveals the beneficial action of the vegetal extract of milk thistl

EFFECT OF PHENOL INTOXICATION ON SOME PHYSIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS OF PERCA FLUVIATILIS AND PELOPHYLAX RIDIBUNDUS

A significant interest to phenols and their derivatives is connected with the fact that these compounds play an important role in human industrial activity and are widely spread in our environment. In the present paper it was investigated the action of one aquatic pollutant - phenol - under two concentration (25 and 50 mg/l water) on some physiological parameters (energy metabolism, respiratory rate, number of erythrocytes and leukocytes, blood glucose level, survival) on perch (Perca fluviatilis) and marsh frog (Pelophylax ridibundus). The choice of these species is based on the fact that they are widely spread and can be well preserved in laboratory conditions. They are also important in the aquatic ecosystems and last, but not least, they are sensitive to various toxic actions. Phenol produces, after two weeks of immersion, a significant decrease of respiratory rhythm, glycaemia values and the number of erythrocytes. Exposure of perch to phenol action produces oxygen consumption decrease after two weeks of intoxication. In the concentration of 50 mg/l, the phenol produces, after two weeks of immersion, a significant increase of the number of leukocytes

Analele Universităţii din Oradea -Fascicula Biologie RESEARCH ON THE CHANGES OF SOME PHYSIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS IN SEVERAL FISH SPECIES UNDER THE ACTION OF THE TALSTAR INSECTICIDE

Abstract. Talstar insecticide is labeled for numerous bugs and many other household pests and lawn pests. Bifenthrin is highly toxic to fish and aquatic arthropods. Bifenhrin LC50 values range from 0.0038 to17.8 μg/L and is only slightly toxic to both waterfowl and upland game birds (LD50 values range from 1.800 mg/kg to > 2.150 mg/kg). Bifenthrin had no effect on mollusks at its limit of water solubility. This study was carried out to analyze the effects of sublethal and lethal concentrations -from 0.000625 to 0.005 ml Talstar/l water on some physiological parameters (oxygen consumption, breathing frequency, number of erythrocytes) on fish belonging to three species: prussian carp (Carassius auratus gibelio Bloch), bleak (Alburnus alburnus L.) and perch (Perca fluviatilis L.). The acute and subacute toxicity of Talstar insecticide was evaluated in glass aquaria under semystatic conditions. The Tlastar product, under the concentrations from 0.000625 to 0.005 ml/l water, produces, after one week of immersion, a significant decrease of the fish oxygen consumption. The insecticide has changed the fish respiratory rhythm in all investigated concentrations after seven days of exposure. The number of erythrocytes has significantly decrease after seven days of immersion at insecticide concentrations of 0.000625 ml Talstar/l water (bleak and perch) and 0.00125 (prussian carp) ml Talstar/l water. From the three investigated fish species, the perch proved to be the most sensitive to the action of the toxic substance, followed by the bleak and the prussian carp

BIOACCUMULATION AND EFFECTS OF Zn AND Mn CONTAINED BY DITHANE M45 ON EISENIA FOETIDA (OLIGOCHAETA-LUMBRICIDAE) SPECIES

The study assesses the effects of Zn and Mn contained by Dithane M45 fungicide on Eisenia foetida epigenous species. There were five experimental variants of five repetitions each. Dithane M45 concentrations were: V1:250mgkg-1/dry soil, V2:200mgkg-1/dry soil, V3:150mgkg-1/ dry soil, V4:100mgkg-1/dry soil, with the fifth (V5) as control variant. There were analyzed: 1. survival rate (%) after applying toxic and correlations between survival rate and toxic concentrations; 2. initial biomass (g) and biomass resulting from (g) intoxication; 3. Zn and Mn bioaccumulation (ppm) in earthworms. Conclusions: the survival rate decreased to the greatest concentrations compared to control variant; individual biomass decreased after applying toxic; Mn and Zn bioaccumulation in earthworms increased with increasing concentration of Dithane M45

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE STUDY ON THE EFFECTS OF STOMP 330 EC HERBICIDE UPON THE MARSH FROG

Pesticides are the best examples of risky compounds because they spread all over the environment. The experiments were performed to determine the effect of the Stomp 330EC herbicide at concentrations of 0.5 x 103, 1 x 103, 2 x 103 and respectively 4 x10 3 ml of herbicide/l of water on Pelophylax ridibundus tadpoles and adults. The herbicide produces delay and reduction of hatching (at the concentration of 0.004 ml/l), slowing of growth in volume and length as well as decreased oxygen consumption and survival of the tadpoles. The frequency of buco-pharingeal movements in adults of marsh frog is influenced by the Stomp® 330 EC herbicide at a concentration of 0.002 and 0.004 ml/l of water. After 14 days of exposure to the herbicide, the average number of erythrocytes increases, the average number of leukocytes decreases and the level of glucose changes