New space activities and legislation. A general overview with a specific reference to the ongoing debate in Italy

The Outer Space Treaty (OST) is the most important instrument of international space law, which sets the essential principles governing the activities of exploration and use of Outer Space. Among those principles, Art. VI of the OST provides for the international responsibility of States for national space activities, whether such activities are carried out by governmental or non-governmental entities. This principle has paved the way for the private sector to conduct space activities, provided that authorization and continuing supervision by the “appropriate State" is ensured. The detailed regulations relevant to authorization and continuing supervision of States over the activities of their private operators, can be implemented either through non-legislative means, such as agreements, contracts or company shares ownership or, as in the majority of cases, by means of specific national space legislations. In light of the increasing number of private and commercial actors engaged in space programs in recent years, a growing number of States has decided to adopt national space legislation in order to meet their international obligations. Moreover, national space legislations enable States to take into account recommendations which are set out in various non legally binding international instruments, adopted or recognized by the General Assembly in its resolutions, which support space law Treaties and address specific issues. The awareness on the major developments of space technology and the diversification of space actors, makes it critical to find a right balance between the aspiration of those new actors to undertake space programs and the concerns of preserving the sustainability of space activities. In view of the above, this paper aims to present Italian legislative framework in the space field and the current debate in this sector. In particular, the work will focus on the opportunities that new space activities offer to non-governmental entities to join the peaceful uses of outer space. Reflections will be presented on the advisability to complement and enhance the current national regulations and on the main objectives that a possible comprehensive national space law should attain

Lack of genotoxicity of rhubarb (rhizome) in the Ames and micronucleus in vitro tests

<p>Aloe ferox Mill is widely used as a traditional herbal medicine for the treatment of a broad spectrum of illnesses given its laxative, anti-inflammatory, bitter tonic, anti-oxidant, antimicrobial and anti-cancer properties. Using the in vivo alkaline comet assay in animals (OECD 489), this study investigated the potential in vivo genotoxicity of dried Aloe ferox juice at dose levels of 500, 1000, and 2000 mg/kg/day in mice. Aloe ferox showed no genotoxic activity in preparations of single cells from the colon of the treated Hsd:ICR (CD-1) male mice. No statistically significant increase in DNA migration over the negative control was observed by analysis of variance for both comet parameters, tail moment and tail intensity, apart from the positive control ethyl methanesulphonate that induced clear and statistically significant increases in DNA migration parameters over the concurrent controls. The new reported scientific evidence unequivocally demonstrates that dried Aloe ferox juice containing hydroxyanthracene derivatives does not induce DNA damage in preparations of single cells from colon in in vivo comet genotoxicity studies. This suggests that the hyperplastic changes and mucosal hyperplasia observed after long-term administration of Aloe vera non-decolourised whole leaf extract may be attributed to an epigenetic effect of the material under investigation.</p&gt