Effect of pregnancy diabetes on the mental and psychomotor development and intelligence quotient.

<p>Forest plots comparing the difference in the (A) Mental Development Index and (B) Psychomotor Development Index subscales of the BSID between children of diabetic and non-diabetic mothers. (C) Forest plots comparing the difference in the intelligence quotient yielded by combined data from the Wechsler scales and the Stanford-Binet intelligence scale between children of diabetic and non-diabetic mothers.</p

Characteristics of the cohort studies included in the systematic review and meta-analysis (<i>n</i> = 12).

<p>Studies list is ordered by date and by type of outcome (Most recent studies and “support” are showed first).</p><p>ALSPAC, Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children; ND, Not defined; GDM, Gestational Diabetes Mellitus; PGDM, Pre-gestational Diabetes Mellitus; Ctrl, Control; BMI, Body Mass Index; WISC-III/R, Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-3^rd Edition, R, revised; IQ, Intelligence Quotient; ADHD, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder; WPPSI-III/R, Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence–3^rd Edition, R, Revised; SES, Socio Economic Status; T1DM, Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus; T2DM, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus; BSID-I/II, Bayley Scales of Infant Development- 1^st/2^nd Edition; MDI, Mental Development Index; PDI, Psychomotor Development Index; OGTT, Oral Glucose Tolerance Test; DIEP, Diabetes in Early Pregnancy; FA, Fatty Acids.</p><p>Risk of bias classification (GRADE): L, Low; M, Medium; H, High.</p><p>Quality score (Newcastle-Ottawa): from 0 (lowest) to 9 (highest).</p><p>^† Number of children included in the studies.</p><p>*All values refer to mean (Standard Deviation), otherwise it is stated.</p><p>^§ Three references are related to the same subjects, so only the oldest study was included.</p><p>Characteristics of the cohort studies included in the systematic review and meta-analysis (<i>n</i> = 12).</p

Study flowchart showing the number of studies identified, screened, assessed for eligibility and included in the qualitative and quantitative analysis [17].

<p>*Further information regarding the excluded studies can be found in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0142583#pone.0142583.s010" target="_blank">S2 Text</a>.</p

Dietary Epicatechin Is Available to Breastfed Infants through Human Breast Milk in the Form of Host and Microbial Metabolites

Polyphenols play an important role in human health. To address their accessibility to a breastfed infant, we planned to evaluate whether breast milk (BM) (colostrum, transitional, and mature) epicatechin metabolites could be related to the dietary habits of mothers. The polyphenol consumption of breastfeeding mothers was estimated using a food frequency questionnaire and 24 h recalls. Solid-phase extraction–ultra performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (SPE–UPLC–MS/MS) was applied for direct epicatechin metabolite analysis. Their bioavailability in BM as a result of dietary ingestion was confirmed in a preliminary experiment with a single dose of dark chocolate. Several host and microbial phase II metabolites of epicatechin were detected in BM among free-living lactating mothers. Interestingly, a modest correlation between dihydroxyvalerolactone sulfate and the intake of cocoa products was observed. Although a very low percentage of dietary polyphenols is excreted in BM, they are definitely in the diet of breastfed infants. Therefore, evaluation of their role in infant health could be further promoted

Changes in anthropometric variables after 2 and 6 months of the weight loss program, according to the increase of 1

<p>TL: telomere length, BMI-SDS: Standard Deviation Score for BMI, SD: Standard Deviation.</p>1<p>Adjusted for age, basal BMI-SDS and the respective variable at baseline.</p><p>*P-value <0.05 after correcting for Benjamini–Hochberg multiple comparisons.</p

Telomere length change after the intensive intervention as a function of telomere length at baseline.

<p>The scatter plot shows the entire adolescent’s sample (n = 74), each dot representing one individual. Relative telomere length is adjusted for age and sex.</p

Telomere length distribution in boys and girls before and after the intensive lifestyle intervention.

<p>Significant differences were found after 2 months <i>vs.</i> before the multidisciplinary program.</p

Multivariable-adjusted differences (95% confidence intervals) in the change of the anthropometric measures, by the median of baseline telomere length in boys.

<p>Data is presented as B (95%CI). TL: telomere length, BMI-SDS: Standard Deviation Score for BMI.</p><p>Adjusted for age, basal BMI-SDS and the respective variable at baseline.</p><p>*P-value <0.05 after correcting for Benjamini–Hochberg multiple comparisons.</p

List of dysregulated genes in term placentas from obese women <i>vs</i>. normal weight women.

<p>The genes identified in previous transcriptome studies in human placentas in health and disease are indicated.</p

Effects of maternal pre-pregnancy overweight, obesity or gestational diabetes on infant’s Bayley scores¹ at 18 months of age compared to those born to healthy normo-weight pregnant women (controls).

<p>Data are mean ± SD</p><p>¹ Infants’ neurodevelopment assessed using the BSID-III: Bayley Scales of Infant Development, Third Edition.</p><p>P_uandj = Analysis of variance (ANOVA). Values not sharing the same suffix (abc) were significantly different in a Bonferroni post hoc test.</p><p>P_adj = Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) for the group differences using univariate general linear model including main effects from the following possible confounder: Maternal age, maternal education, placental weight, and weight gain during pregnancy (n = 147).</p><p>Effects of maternal pre-pregnancy overweight, obesity or gestational diabetes on infant’s Bayley scores<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0133010#t003fn002" target="_blank">¹</a> at 18 months of age compared to those born to healthy normo-weight pregnant women (controls).</p