Erosões localizadas em pontes submersas

Nesta comunicação analisam-se os efeitos da submersão de uma ponte na profundidade máxima da cavidade de erosão junto de um pilar cilíndrico, para escoamentos sem transporte sólido generalizado. Comparam-se os resultados obtidos com equações publicadas na literatura, tendo-se concluído que a formulação proposta por MELVILLE & COLEMAN [2000] é a mais adequada, apresentando um desvio inferior a 10%

A comparative analysis of numerical simulation and analytical modeling of horizontal well cyclic steam injection

The main objective of this research is to compare the performance of cyclic steam injection using horizontal wells based on the analytical model developed by Gunadi against that based on numerical simulation. For comparison, a common reservoir model was used. The reservoir model measured 330 ft long by 330 ft wide by 120 ft thick, representing half of a 5-acre drainage area, and contained oil based on the properties of the Bachaquero-01 reservoir (Venezuela). Three steam injection cycles were assumed, consisting of a 20-day injection period at 1500 BPDCWE (half-well), followed by a 10-day soak period, and a 180-day production period. Comparisons were made for two cases of the position of the horizontal well located on one side of the reservoir model: at mid-reservoir height and at reservoir base. The analytical model of Gunadi had to be modified before a reasonable agreement with simulation results could be obtained. Main modifications were as follows. First, the cold horizontal well productivity index was modified to that based on the Economides-Joshi model instead of that for a vertical well. Second, in calculating the growth of the steam zone, the end-point relative permeability??s of steam and oil were taken into consideration, instead of assuming them to be the same (as in the original model of Gunadi). Main results of the comparative analysis for both cases of horizontal well positions are as follows. First, the water production rates are in very close agreement with results obtained from simulation. Second, the oil production rates based on the analytical model (averaging 46,000 STB), however, are lower than values obtained from simulation (64,000 STB). This discrepancy is most likely due to the fact that the analytical model assumes residual oil saturation in the steam zone, while there is moveable oil based on the simulation model. Nevertheless, the analytical model may be used to give a first-pass estimate of the performance of cyclic steam injection in horizontal wells, prior to conducting more detailed thermal reservoir simulation

The multiple meanings of "wheezing": a questionnaire survey in Portuguese for parents and health professionals

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Most epidemiological studies on pediatric asthma rely on the report of "wheezing" in questionnaires. Our aim was to investigate the understanding of this term by parents and health professionals.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>A cross-sectional survey was carried out in hospital and community settings within the south of Portugal. Parents or caregivers self-completed a written questionnaire with information on social characteristics and respiratory history. Multiple choice questions assessed their understanding of "wheezing". Health professionals (physicians, nurses and physiotherapists) were given an adapted version. We used bivariate analysis and multivariate models to study associations between definitions of "wheezing" and participants' characteristics.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Questionnaires from 425 parents and 299 health professionals were included. The term "wheezing" was not recognized by 34% of parents, more frequently those who were younger (OR 0.4 per 10-year increment, 95% CI 0.3-0.7), had lower education (OR 3.3, 95% CI 1.5-7.4), and whose children had no history of respiratory disease (OR 4.6, 95% CI 2.5-8.7) (all ORs adjusted). 31% of parents familiar with "wheezing" either did not identify it as a sound, or did not locate it to the chest, while tactile (40%) and visual (34%) cues to identify "wheezing" were frequently used. Nurses reported using visual stimuli and overall assessments more often than physicians (p < 0.01). The geographical location was independently associated with how parents recognized and described "wheezing".</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Different meanings for "wheezing" are recognized in Portuguese language and may be influenced by education, respiratory history and regional terminology. These findings are likely applicable to other non-English languages, and suggest the need for more accurate questionnaires and additional objective measurement instruments to study the epidemiology of wheezing disorders.</p

Aleitamento Materno: A Prática Hospitalar e o Sucesso das Medidas de Implementação do Aleitamento Maternoaté aos 6 Meses de Vida

Os autores efectuaram estudo prospectivo com os objectivos de: avaliar a eficácia de práticas/atitudes de suporte do aleitamento materno durante o puerpério, na prevalência da amamentação no I°, 3° e 6° mês de vida e comparar os resultados com os obtidos num estudo similar, efectuado em 1995, antes da implementação das atitudes referidas.Este estudo envolveu 145 díadas mães-filho e baseou-se num inquérito realizado às puérperas após o parto na Maternidade do Hospital de Santa Maria.Amamentaram durante mais tempo as primíparas, as mães com curso médio de escolaridade e as que não tinham recebido suplementos durante o internamento; resultados estes consistentes com os do estudo previamente efectuado.O tempo que decorreu entre o parto e a I' mamada ao peito foi injustificadamente prolongado: 2,9h para partos eutócicos, 5,6h para forceps e ventosas (inferior à média anterior) e 14,7h para cesarianas (superior à média anterior). A percentagem de suplementação manteve-se elevada (52,1%).A prevalência do aleitamento materno no 1° mês de vida foi de 84,8%; 62,7% aos 3 meses e 35,2% aos 6 meses, números muito superiores aos obtidos em 1995 (61,5% - 33,6% - 4,8% respectivamente).Constatámos um aumento de cerca de um mês no tempo médio global do aleitamento materno.Os autores discutem a necessidade de reduzir a percentagem de suplementação e a implementação de atitudes de suporte do aleitamento materno principalmente ao nível dos Cuidados de Saúde Primários

A navegar con Cristóbal Colón

Se desarrolla un proyecto de innovación educativa en torno a la figura de Cristóbal Colón, cobrando importancia también otros hechos derivados de sus descubrimiento, como es el caso del conocimiento de otras culturas, sus costumbres y tradiciones. En el momento histórico del V centenario de de la muerte de Cristóbal Colón, toda la comunidad educativa se embarca y participa en la experiencia innovadora que promueve el interés por la lectura, fomenta la coordinación del profesorado, la convivencia y la socialización del profesorado. El proyecto pretende entre otros objetivos: conocer el personaje de Cristóbal Colón y su importancia en la historia, reconociendo la repercusión que tuvo el Descubrimiento de América y los Reyes Católicos; fomentar la convivencia en el centro a través de las diferentes actividades del proyecto, educando en valores y en el respeto a la pluralidad; acercar al alumnado al oficio de marinero a través de las diferentes experiencias y actividades. Las sesiones de trabajo se han desarrollado combinando la formación teórica a través de las exposiciones de ponentes externos, las reflexiones de grupo y momentos de debate donde el intercambio de experiencias ha sido positivo y valorado por los asistentes, y el desarrollo práctico de las sesiones han sido ejecutadas por cada tutor o especialista en el aula con el alumnado, teniendo en cuenta cada contexto y nivel educativo.Castilla y LeónConsejería de Educación. Dirección General de Universidades e Investigación; Monasterio de Nuestra Señora de Prado, Autovía Puente Colgante s. n.; 47071 Valladolid; +34983411881; +34983411939ES