The Disctinction between Formal and Informal on the Labor Market

Any economy, regardless of its level of development, is characterized by the formal-informal duality of the labor market, but informality is more pronounced in emerging economies. The measures applied in developing economies during the transition to a market economy have left behind immeasurable social costs and deep structural imbalances, especially in the labor market. Among the structural imbalances in emerging economies we can mention the dual nature of the economy, represented by the two sectors of the economy, namely formal and informal, lack of flexibility of labor and low wages, which can be considered a barrier for employment. In this paper we aim to make a characterization of the dual labor market and to present what are the main differences between the two types of labor markets: formal and informal. In this regard, we will consider the following aspects related to: regulation, revenues / incomes, duration of contracts, flexibility, quantification, segmentation and entering to the market

Policies on the Informal Labor Market Regarding Protection of Workers and Entrepreneurs

At this moment, the segmentation of the labor market into formal and informal is well known and also are known the main features specific to the formal/informal duality of the labor market, namely: on the one hand, security and rigidity in the case of formal labor market, and on the other hand the flexibility and lack of social protection in the case of the informal labor market. In the light of these features, which characterize the formal/informal duality of labor market, in this paper we aim to present the main policies applied on the informal labor market, both in terms of workers and of entrepreneurs. Thus, in this paper we will address the following categories of policies addressed to informal activities: employment policies regarding the transition from informal to formal; employment policies regarding the protection of informal workers/entrepreneurs; policies regarding increasing productivity in the informal sector and providing better jobs

Models and theories in a frictions and wage rigidities labor market

Unlike the classic market vision, where demand and supply meet immediately, at no cost, and prices are determined in such a way that demand equals supply, in the real world frictions occur in the searching process, the price offers of one of the parties are considered too high, be it the goods or services market, the real estate market or the labor market, so there are imbalances that vary over time, excess supply or excess demand. In this paper we aim to present the main models and theories in a labor market characterized by friction and wage rigidity, starting from contributions in the field of “frictions on search-based markets” by Peter A. Diamond, as well as from works belonging to economists Dale T. Mortensen and Christopher A. Pissarides, who developed and adapted the Diamond model to make it applicable to the labor market, thus resulting in one of the most used models for the analysis of unemployment and wage formation

Current Vulnerabilities of Economic Security in Romania

The objective of this paper is to develop a personal opinion on the current vulnerabilities ofeconomic security in Romania, starting from how the economic security as well as its link tonational security is addressed in the literature, as economic security is a little bit of a mattertreated in the works of Romanian researchers. For Romania today, as a member of the European Union and of the North Atlantic Alliance,vulnerabilities to economic security must be analyzed taking into account both the internationaland political relations of our country - based on multilateral treaties involving commitments in theeconomic, political, justice, the environment, etc. - as well as the current state of development ofthe Romanian economy, as a result of the transition to the market economy (the process by whichour country passed since 1990), but also the effects of the global financial crisis, on the economyas a whole

Employment and Unemployment in Europe. Factual and Theoretical Developments

The employment and unemployment approach has taken several steps, starting with the neoclassical theories of unemployment and ending with modern labor market theories. In this article, we aim to highlight the factual and theoretical developments in employment and unemployment in Europe

The Implications of Adverse Pharmacologic Reactions and Complex Pathogenic Mechanisms in Schizophrenia

Schizophrenia is a major health problem in which diversification and increase in the quality of antipsychotic molecules did not yield the anticipated results. that the etiopathogenesis of schizophrenia accounts for a combination of genetic factors forming the genetic spectrum of vulnerability for schizophrenia. The neurodevelopmental anomalies correlated with the gestational period and obstetric traumatisms raises major pharmacological management issues. The two levels of vulnerability (genetic and neurodevelopmental) are the basis of the pathogeny of side effects induced by antipsychotic medication. The most severe side effects are related to extrapyramidal symptoms, hyperhomocysteinemia, hypofrontality, impairment of the neurovascular unit and neuronal metabolic processes. Understanding these particular mechanisms will allow the clinician to identify the pathogenic model of schizophrenia, customized for each specific case. The adverse drug reaction decreases the compliance and adherence to the treatment, determining repeated discontinuations with psychotic relapses, and may trigger psychopathogenic bursts deteriorating the structural and cerebral functional balance. The type of psychotropic medication must be taken into account, as well as the concomitant medication administered for comorbidities associated with schizophrenia. The cerebral vascular modifications are correlated with the metabolic syndrome induced by antipsychotic medication. This complex syndrome, associated also with modifications in the homocysteine metabolism, determines weight gain, obesity, high blood pressure, ischemic cardiopathy, hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia. Identification of possible biological or neuroimaging markers helps and their early correction may prevent the onset of neurodegenerative evolution and irreversible cerebral atrophies, as well as decrease the risk of side effect that may endanger the life of the schizophrenic patient. The complexity of the pathogenic mechanisms requires a prophylactic behavior, not based on therapeutic switch, but on the proactive, customized pharmacologic intervention, addressing the pathogenic chains.</p

Drug-Induced Hyperprolactinemia and Hyponatremia - Biological Markers of Unfavorable Evolution in Schizophrenia

Adverse reactions to psychotropic medication can be considered as risk indicators for an unfavorable evolution of patients with schizophrenia, based on particular pathogenic mechanisms that can be used in the personalized therapeutic approach. The combination of antidepressants with antipsychotic drugs in schizophrenia has a risk of synergistic action of excessive blockade of dopamine receptors, which causes hyperprolactinemia. Primary hyponatremia occurs during pregnancy and can be an important marker for signaling neurodevelopmental abnormalities, while secondary hyponatremia has a major clinical dimension and is induced by psychotropic drugs. The pathogenic mechanisms presented can be objectified by neuroimaging examinations that bring benefits in the diagnostic accuracy and re-evaluation of the therapeutic approach, especially in correlation with the severity of biological markers such as prolactin and sodium. The persistence of high prolactin and low sodium levels is an alarm signal that announces a negative evolution of the patient or a major risk of severe cardiac, metabolic, vascular or renal comorbidities. Recognition of pathogenic mechanisms of neurodevelopment, including ventriculomegaly, hyponatremia, focal cortical dysplasia, hippocampal or temporal lobe lesions, in association with a positive history of neonatal or febrile seizures, requires prophylaxis due to high risk of onset of schizophrenia in childhood. Fetal cortical dysplasia is associated with the risk of neonatal seizures. This vulnerability favors the appearance of febrile convulsions or enuresis with changes in brain structure. Enuresis may be an important marker of neurodevelopmental potential for schizophrenia. Neonatal seizures are correlated with hyponatremia and severe hypertension, which appeared in the third trimester of pregnancy, can trigger eclampsia. Neuroimaging monitoring in patients with neurodevelopmental abnormalities, hyperprolactinemia and primary or secondary hyponatremia, acquires a major importance, being able to delimit the boundary between a functional lesion, potentially reversible, with an irreversible lesion.</em