The energy dilemma and its impact on air transportation

The dimensions of the energy situation are discussed in relation to air travel. Energy conservation, fuel consumption, and combustion efficiency are examined, as well as the proposal for subsonic aircraft using hydrogen fuel

Exploring the Effect of Different Neighboring Structures on Spatial Hierarchical Joint Crash Frequency Models

Corridor safety analysis is a primary interest of many road safety studies. Corridors typically contain intersections and roadway segments. Having both components while analyzing corridors in addition to corridor-level variables in a hierarchical joint model would provide a comprehensive understanding of the existing corridor safety problems. There will probably be spatial correlation among road entities along a corridor, especially if the distance between the road entities is not large. Therefore, it is crucial to consider spatial effects in the model. However, this data structure is relatively new, and the best spatial weight matrix for this hierarchical spatial joint model has yet to be investigated. Therefore, this study estimates a hierarchical Poisson-lognormal (HPLN) joint model with spatial effects and explores the effect of different neighboring structures. A total of thirteen HPLN joint models are estimated: one HPLN joint model with corridor random effect and twelve HPLN joint models with spatial effects. Four types of conceptualization of spatial relationships were considered: (a) adjacency-based, (b) adjacency-route, (c) distance-order, and (d) distance-based spatial weight features. The results show the importance of incorporating spatial effects in the model. It was found that having a joint model is important since one of the best models is the adjacency-based first-order model, where the feeding road entities in addition to the directly adjacent road entity of the same type as the road entity of interest are considered. The results confirm the importance of spatial autocorrelation between road entities along the same corridor