European democracies /

Includes bibliographical references and index.Becoming modern in Europe and America: different history, different politics -- Political parties -- "The most specific manipulative instrument of politics": electoral systems and how votes are turned into seats -- From legislative to executive authority: cabinet formation -- Courts -- Referenda -- Federalism -- Social movements -- The state, corporatism, the great meltdown of 2008, and the Greek debt crisis of 2011 -- Policy outcomes -- The legacy of communism in Central and Eastern Europe -- Nationalism and ethnicity -- Power sharing in deeply divided communities -- The European Union -- Globalization and European democracies.Coolsaet, Ri

Transformations of Swiss Neo-Corporatism : From Pre-parliamentary Negotiations towards Privileged Pluralism in the Parliamentary Venue

Major economic peak-level associations, because of their various resources (in terms of membership, finance and institutional reconnaissance by public authorities) have be-come central political actors of the Swiss neo-corporatist regime. They were considered the dominant actors of the pre-parliamentary phase of the decision-making process (extra-parlia-mentary committees, consultation procedures), identified as the most important phase, whereas the Parliament only marginally modified the proposals of the Federal Council. However, since the beginning of the 1990s, the strategies of interest groups have profoundly changed, leading to a reconfiguration of the traditional neo-corporatist political regime toward a more pluralist system, in which interest groups more actively target the Parliament. Different factors explain these changes: the declining role of the pre-parliamentary phase, the revalorization of the Par-liament, and the increasing role of the media. These changes have weakened the positions of traditional corporatist associations and favored the political rise of new citizen groups. They have also induced interest groups to develop new political strategies, privileging the parliamen-tary venue, especially the new permanent specialized committees. Despite the growing access of new citizen groups to the political system (pre-parliamentary and parliamentary venues), economic groups remain dominant in the domains of economic and social policies