13-Historic Period Sites Recorded for the Kalamazoo River Basin, 1977-1981

During the five year Kalamazoo Basin Survey project (1976-1980), survey teams, under the direction of Dr. William M. Cremin of the Department of Anthropology, Western Michigan University, investigated by means of surface reconnaissance nine survey transects placed across the Kalamazoo River in Allegan, Kalamazoo, Calhoun and Jackson Counties, Michigan. Surveyor coverage in the nine transects aggregated 135 km 2 , or 18% of the land area delimited by their boundaries, and resulted in the recording of 328 prehistoric sites. In addition, interviews with area landowners and collectors ~aving knowledge of local prehistory and the whereabouts of archaeological sites resulted in the discovery of 24 sites located outside of the survey transects (Cremin 1981). Last year the WMU archaeological field school, under the direction of Dr. Cremin, traveled to western Jackson County to conduct limited test excavations at several sites located by KBS surveyors during the previous year and to expand upon the results of that program of research by undertaking some additional site location survey along the South Branch Kalamazoo River both within and outside of the boundaries established for KBS Transect l980C. On this occasion, surveyors evaluated about 2.1 km2 and recorded 24 more prehistoric sites occurring in western Jackson and eastern Calhoun Counties (Cremin and Clark 1981). In total, WMU\u27s program of systematic site location survey in this universe between 1976 and 1981 has resulted in the recovery of data representing 376 prehistoric sites in the four counties investigated. However, the various annual reports and the recently published overview of the Kalamazoo Basin Survey project do not reference a potentially important data set consisting of 47 sites that postdate Euro-American settlement of southern Lower Michigan and reflect in part the activities of both Euro-American and Native American residents of the Kalamazoo River Basin during the 19th and 20th centuries

3-An Archaeological Survey of Allegan County, Michigan: 1978 Multiple Transect Survey in the Middle Kalamazoo River Valley

In 1977, as in the previous year, Cremin\u27s Kalamazoo Basin Survey was integrated with the annual field school, but with the addition of grant support for survey from the Michigan History Division. The availability of external funding, together with our desire to implement more rigorous survey procedures, resulted in much better coverage during this season than had been realized in 1976. The area investigated in 1977 is located 9 km upstream from the 1976 transect and included an area of 93 km 2 , or the equivalent of one township (Figure 1). This transect was stratified according to the distribution of soils plotted on a recent map of the basin prepared by the USDA-Soil Conservation Service (1974; Figure 2) and, secondarily, by rank ordering of streams. Following Lovis (1976), the quarter-section was established as the sampling unit and a 40% simple random sample of . 2 all units occurring within each of 6 strata was generated. Of 38 km included in the sample, more than 14 km 2 were evaluated, with coverage by stratum varying from 32% to 47%, or 40% on the average. For our efforts we realized an addition of 62 sites to the 13 which had previously been known to occur in this portion of the valley (Cremin 1978b; Cremin, Hoxie and Weston 1978). This year the Kalamazoo Basin Survey moved upstream into the middle valley almost to the Allegan-Barry-Kalamazoo county lines, where multiple transects were established for investigation simultaneously by 2 teams of surveyors (Figure 1). As in past years, this research was carried out in conjunction with the WMU archaeological field school, and for the second year we received grant support for survey from the Michigan History Division. There now follows a report of the activities of the 1978 Kalamazoo Basin Survey, together with a brief description of the project area.aod the 157 archaeological sites which were recorded during the 6 week field project·

10-An Archaeological Survey of Calhoun and Jackson Counties, Michigan: 1980 Multiple Transect Survey in the Upper Kalamazoo River Valley

In 1980 the Kalamazoo Basin Survey moved upstream into the upper valley of Calhoun and Jackson Counties, establishing and investigating three transects located between the communities of Battle Creek on the west and Concord on the east (Fig. 1). Transect A encompasses 94.5 km2 of Convis, Emmett, Marshall and Pennfield Townships in Calhoun County. Transect B comprises 74.1 km2 of Albion, Eckford, Marengo and Sheridan Townships in the same county. Transect C includes 82.9 km2 of Concord and Pulaski Townships in Jackson County and represents the final transect to be investigated as part of the project. As in past years, transect boundaries are purposefully irregular, reflecting our desire to include within each survey universe as much ecological diversity as possible

18-Archaeological Investigations at the Walters 1 (20SJ144) and Cupp 5 (20SJ104) Sites, St. Joseph County, Michigan

During the 1987 field season, a research team from Western Michigan University conducted Phase II investigations at the Walters 1 and Cupp 5 sites in the Middle St. Joseph River Valley to determine the eligibility of these sites far listing in the National Register of Historic Places. Discovered during a Phase I survey of this area in 1986, these two sites were among 10 of 87 previously unrecorded sites to which \u27\u27high priority\u27\u27 assignments were given (Cremin and Quattrin 1987). Following intensive walk-over survey of the \u27\u27well fitted\u27\u27 fields in May by an all volunteer group for purposes of precisely delineating site area, the project research team returned to the sites in late June For three weeks of Phase II study. Employing standard test excavation procedures, together with some shovel testing on Walters 1, the team opened 227 \u27\u27windows\u27\u27 into the sites in hopes of recovering a sample of the artifactual material present and ascertaining whether there existed any site integrity. Regardless of our best efforts, we observed neither stratigraphy nor significantly preserved context on either site; observed archaeological context was confined to a single prehistoric pit feature, without meaningful contents, on Cupp 5. Given our observations of the impacts resulting from historic land use, the paucity of artifactual information retrieved, and the extreme rarity or absence of preserved archaeological context on these sites, we must conclude that the better part of a century of intensive cultivation has reduced Walters 1 and Cupp 5 to the status of \u27\u27plow zone sites. Both Walters 1 and Cupp 5 lack the integrity necessary to make a case For their being eligible For listing in the National Register of Historic Places

7-An Archaeological Survey of the Thornapple River Basin, Barry County Michigan: Phase One Completion Report

Archaeological Research in the Thornapple Drainage of Barry County The Project Area Previous Archaeological Research in Barry County Research Objectives for Phase One Assessment of Current Land Use Patterns Evaluation of Data in the State Site Files and Information Provided by Landowners/ Collectors and Local Institutions Limited Surface Reconnaissance in Selected Portions of the Basin and the County Description of Sites Recorded and Catalog of Surface Collections Interpretations and Conclusions Comments on Management of Cultural Resources and Future Research Needs Catalog of Artifactual Material from the Survey References Cited Thornapple Basin Survey, Barry County, Michigan Thornapple Basin Survey: Previously Recorded Archaeological Sites Thornapple Basin Survey: Land Use Survey Thornapple Basin Survey: Archaeological Site

16-The Indian and the Prairie: Prehistoric and Early Historic Utilization of Native Grassland Environments in Kalamazoo County) Michigan, with Emphasis on Gourd-Neck Prairie in Schoolcraft Township. Project No. S85-212

With grant support from the National Park Service, Department of the Interior, administered by the Bureau of History, Michigan Department of State, a team of archaeologists from Western Michigan University has undertaken a program of fieldwork (with appropriate literature search and review of the documents) to identify archaeological sites and ascertain the nature of the activity conducted from them in an attempt to explain the nature of the relationship between the native inhabitants of Kalamazoo County and the former grassland environments that occurred here. A review of the relevant literature prior to initiating a program of survey on Gourd-Neck Prairie in southern Kalamazoo County during Spring 1985, strongly suggested that contact period village sites and prehistoric works including mounds, earthen enclosures, and garden beds were associated with the former prairies in the county. However, reconnaissance level survey work undertaken in 1979 on Gull and Toland\u27s prairies by teams of experienced surveyors had resulted in confirmation of a single previously recorded site and the discovery of no new sites; albeit surveyors systematically evaluated more than 5.4 km2 of farmland affording excellent conditions of surface visibility. Before concluding that the documents provided by early American residents were inaccurate or incorrect, a more vigorous test of the hypothesis that Indians intensively occupied the prairies prior to American settlement of the county was required. Gourd-Neck Prairie in Schoolcraft Township {T4S RllW) was selected for several reasons: (l) the prairie is reported to have encompassed slightly more than 10 km2 , making a target of 100% surveyor coverage attainable with a small field party and a brief period in which to accomplish the fieldwork; (2) the personnel participating in the project were already familiar with the area, having established important landowner and collector contacts during the 1982 and 1984 field seasons; and (3) the former prairie was now characterized by extensive commercial farming operations, providing for anticipated surface visibility that would be excellent for a program of research employing surface reconnaissance procedures to record archaeological observations. During a two week period in Spring 1985, a team of three surveyors evaluated 818 ha (2022 acres) or 81% of the area formerly supporting prairie vegetation. In addition, we surveyed 319 ha (788 acres) in adjacent areas that formerly supported oak savanna and bur oak openings. Fourteen new sites were recorded, and four previously recorded sites were revisited during the course of fieldwork. Of the new sites, six occur on the prairie and eight are located near creeks or standing bodies of water to the north, east, and south of the former native grassland. Simila~ly, all previously recorded sites lie between the prairie and Portage Creek and the north shore of Barton Lake on the southeast margin of Gourd-Neck Prairie. Our analysis of these data suggests that sites occurring on the former prairie represent very task specific or limited activity loci (e.g. the loss of a projectile during an episode of hunting), with the more intensively occupied settlements being situated in oak savanna and bur oak openings affording greater access to resources (e.g. wood) i i deemed critical to support a camp or village and also closer proximity to nearby, resource rich wetlands and the lakes and streams that they flanked. Clearly, our research to date strongly suggests that the historical documents must be more critically evaluated before recording locations referenced in them as bona fide archaeological sites providing distributional information useful in better understanding settlement patterns (and subsistence practices) of the native inhabitants of Kalamazoo County, Michigan

14-An Archaeological Survey along Portage River and Dorrance Creek above Indian Lake in Pavilion Township, Kalamazoo County, Michigan

For three weeks during the 1982 field season, the Western Michigan University archaeological field school was located near Indian Lake in Pavilion Township, T3S RlOW, Kalamazoo County, Michigan (Map 1). As part of the research program, systematic site location survey was planned for this area;one which had not received any prior archaeological attention. With the cooperation of area landowners and the assistance of several local artifact collectors, more than 20 parcels of cultivated land aggregating 3.9 km2 were evaluated by means of surface re~onnaissance or walk-over survey. There follows a report of survey activity, together with descriptions of the archaeological sites recorded

2-An Archaeological Survey of Allegan County, Michigan: 1977 Transect Survey in the Lower Kalamazoo River Valley

Western Michigan University has sponsored archaeological field work in the Kalamazoo River Valley for the last 10 years. For the most part this research has been carried out by the Department of Anthropology\u27s archaeological field school, which has been located in the lower valley during all or portions of 6 field seasons: 1968, 1969, 1973, 1976, 1977 and 1978. Prior to 1976, the Department\u27s field program was directed by Elizabeth Baldwin Garland; and since that time by Garland and William Cremin. With the inception of the Kalamazoo Basin Archaeological Project in 1976, the research objectives of our program in this universe have necessitated that we initiate systematic site survey as a means of acquiring data which could be used to delineate and explain prehistoric land use patterns. To collect these data, the first in a series of cross-valley transect surveys was conducted in the Hacklander site environs as part of the 1976 field school (Figure 1). On this occasion the survey was supported entirely out of the field school budget. Since then our survey program has been funded by National Register grants obtained through the Michigan History Division, Michigan Department of State

5-An Archaeological Survey of Kalamazoo County, Michigan: 1979 Multiple Transect Survey in the Middle Kalamazoo River Valley

CONTENTS Prehistoric Site Survey in the Kalamazoo Basin The 1979 Project Area Previous Archaeological Research in the Project Area Previously Known Sites in Transect A Previously Known Sites in Transect B Site Survey Methodology Research Design Field Procedures Curation of Cultural Materials Description of Sites Recorded and Catalog of Surface Collections Sites in Transect A Sites in Transect B Interpretations and Conclusions Comments on Management of Cultural Resources Catalog of Artifactual Material Recovered During Survey References Cited Series of Maps Showing the Locations of Sites not Included on Maps in the Text Kalamazoo Basin Archaeological Project: Allegan County Survey, 1976-1978 General Soils Map: Kalamazoo-Black-Macatawa- Paw Paw Rivers Basin Kalamazoo Basin Survey: Kalamazoo County Kalamazoo Basin Survey; 1979: Transect A Kalamazoo Basin Survey, 1979: Transect B Kalamazoo Basin Survey, 1979: Previously Known Sites in Transect A Kalamazoo Basin Survey, 1979: Previously Known Sites in Transect B Kalamazoo Basin Survey, 1979: Sampling Strata in Transect A Kalamazoo Basin Survey, 1979: Sampling Strata in Transect B Kalamazoo Basin Survey, 1979: Quarter- Sections Surveyed in Transect A Kalamazoo Basin Survey, 1979: New Archaeological Sites in Transect A Kalamazoo Basin Survey, 1979: Quarter- Sections Surveyed in Transect B Kalamazoo Basin Survey, 1979: New Archaeological Sites in Transect B Survey Coverage of Transect A by Stratum and Random Sampling Unit (1/4 Section or 64.75 ha) Survey Coverage of Transect B by Stratum and Random Sampling Unit (1/4 Section or 64.75 ha) Site Density per Km2 (Calculated by Dividing the Number of Sites by the Actual Km2 Surveyed) for Transects A and B by Sampling Stratum Occupational Intensity Values Calculated for Sampling Strata in Transects A and B Plate 1: Schmidtke Collection (KBS-79-Al3) Plate 2: Campbell Collection (KBS-79-B5) Plate 3: Campbell Collection (KBS-79-B5) Plate 4: Campbell Collection (KBS-79-B5) Plate 5: Campbell Collection (KBS-79-BS) Plate 6: Campbell Collection (KBS-79-B5) Plate 7: Campbell Collection (KBS-79-B5) Plate 8: Campbell Collection (KBS-79-B5) Plate 9: Campbell Collection (KBS-79-B5

15-An Archaeological Survey in Pavilion and Schoolcraft Townships, Kalamazoo County, Michigan

During the 1984 field season, Dr. William Cremin and the Western Michigan University archaeological field school continued the program of site location survey that had been initiated two years earlier in Pavilion Township (T3S RlOW), Kalamazoo County, Michigan. In addition, a small area flanking the north end of Barton Lake in nearby Schoolcraft Township (T4S RllW) was similarly evaluated. With the cooperation of numerous area landowners and local artifact collectors, almost 40 parcels of land aggregating 361 ha in Pavilion and 33 ha in Schoolcraft townships were surveyed by means of surface reconnaissance procedures. There follows a report of our survey activity, including descriptions of the archaeological sites that were recorded and collected and recommendations regarding the proper disposition of several \u27\u27problem\u27\u27 sites; the latter reflect in one instance disagreement among the documentary sources as to the location of a burial mound and in a second the erroneous recording of a natural feature on the landscape as a cultural phenomenon (i.e. burial mound)