Volcanic hazards in the Hawaiian Islands

Chapter 22 of Volcanism in HawaiiVolcanism in Hawaii: Chapter 22. Volcanic eruptions have built the Hawaiian Islands, and similar eruption. in the future will affect many area in them, especially on Kilauea and Mauna Loa Volcanoes on the Island of Hawaii. Some of those eruptions will endanger people and property. Hazards that result directly, from eruptions include lava flows, tephra fells, volcanic gases, and pyroclastic surge. Lees direct hazards associated with eruption. Include ground fracture and subsidence, earthquakes, and tsunami. The Islands of Hawaii and Maui have been subdivided on maps, for some kind of hazards, into various zones of differing magnitude of hazard. These hazard-zone maps can be used for making land-use decisions before eruptions occur and for responding to actual or threatened eruptions, Hazard-zone map for earthquake and tsunamis are not included in this report; however, earthquakes of both volcanic and nonvolcanic origin can affect extensive areas in the islands, and tsunami can be highly damaging in narrow coastal zones. Because most volcanic events cannot be effectively controlled, volcanic hazards are best avoided by land-use planning before eruptions occur and by evacuation when they do occur. Mitigation measures to reduce effects from lava flow can be effective, at least temporarily, but such measures are generally more effective for some other hazard such as tephra fall and volcanic gases