Violence In The Wake Of Civil War: Investigating The Transformation Of Intergroup Relations In Nepal And Mozambique

When a civil war ends there is a formal cessation of hostilities between the warring groups. Yet the termination of fighting does not necessarily end the violence, which can persist into post-war years. The study of post-civil war violence as a distinct phenomenon is dominated by explanations that see it as a legacy of the warring elite and an exercise in preventing them restarting war, or, as culturally embedded within interpersonal relations. This thesis draws on the group nature of civil war to offer a different perspective on this problem. It considers post-civil war violence as a product of continuing hostile relations between previous warring groups and examines the transformation of broader intergroup relations in post-war years. The rationale for the research rests on the idea that if violence is part of intergroup relations, then how might a more informed understanding of these relations facilitate effective peacebuilding interventions in countries emerging from civil war. Using qualitative methods, and a case study approach focusing on Nepal and Mozambique, I compare understandings and experiences of the transformation of intergroup relations from the perspective of political parties that claim to represent the previous warring groups, to that of people living in villages (three in each country). The study finds that violence can remain a central feature of how political parties relate to one another, even after decades of peace. To appreciate this violence requires a conceptual step away from dominant ways of thinking of violence as physical or structural. Conversely, while intergroup violence does not appear to have been a problem within the villages, the presence of violence within interparty relations is driving a pervasive and persistent fear that civil war may once again erupt. The thesis examines the impact of this violence on both the peace process and group relations to highlight the need to recognise and proactively address it

Modelling the drying kinetics of fresh-water and salt-water macroalgae

Craig Walker studied the drying rates of two commercially important macroalgae, with the aim of developing models usable by industry for equipment design. Significant advancements were made by relating drying to equipment design values not previously studied in literature, and through consideration of phenomena counter to model assumptions

Jurisdictional Problems Created by Artificial Islands

An artificial island is a non-naturally formed, fabricated island created from material dredged from the sea bottom. This Article reviews the growing interest in international law of artificial islands. Artificial islands present three obstacles in international law: jurisdiction, freedom on the high seas, and construction on the continental shelf. The jurisdictional basis over artificial islands can be examined under existing concepts of international law, such as the legal vacuum theory and a contiguous zone basis for jurisdiction. This article concludes by proposing a legal regime for artificial islands under an exclusive coastal State authority

Young Citizens of the World Unite! A Case for the Model United Nations in Middle School Classrooms

In this manuscript, the authors describe the benefits and theoretical connections the Junior Model United Nations (JMUN) program has with middle school classrooms. The lens used to view the JMUN program is informed by literature on the needs of young adolescents, inquiry learning, and global citizenship. Findings from this literature illuminate nuances in the interaction between inquiry learning through the C3 Framework and active learning participation. Implications for middle school students, in-service teachers, and teacher candidates are discussed

Effects of antimycin treatment on benthic macroinvertebrates in Sams Creek and Starkey Creek, Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Blount/Sevier counties, Tennessee

The fish toxicant antimycin was applied to Sams Creek and Starkey Creek in Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Blount/Sevier counties, Tennessee to eradicate nonnative rainbow trout (Oncorhyncus mykiss). Potassium permanganate was applied downstream to detoxify the antimycin. Benthic macroinvertebrate samples were taken at 9 sites inside and outside the treatment zone before and after treatment. Numbers of taxa and individuals declined at all treatment sites in samples taken soon after treatment. Mayflies were almost completely eliminated at the station below the potassium permanganate application. Mayfly taxa and specimens at the potassium permanganate treatment site returned to pre-treatment conditions 5 months after treatment. Numbers of taxa and individuals at antimycin treatment sites returned to pretreatment conditions and treatment sites resembled control sites 9 months after treatment. Community composition also returned to pre-treatment conditions and resembled control sites 9 months after treatment. Antimycin does not appear to have had long-term detrimental effects on benthic macroinvertebrates in this system

Local and post-local buckling of steel tubes in thin-walled circular concrete-filed steel tubular columns

The local and post-local buckling behaviour of steel tubes in thin-walled circular concrete-filled steel tubular columns under axial load is presented. Geometric and material nonlinear finite element analysis is conducted on steel tubes under uniform edge compression to determine critical local and post-local buckling strengths. The local and post-local buckling of steel tubes reduces the ultimate loads of thinwalled circular CFST columns under axial compression. Limited experimental research on CFST columns has been conducted. The effects of local and postlocal buckling on the behaviour of thin-walled circular CFST columns have not been adequately researched. Three-dimensional finite element models are developed using the finite element technique. Initial geometric imperfections, residual stresses, material yielding and strain hardening are considered in the analysis. Based on the results obtained from the nonlinear finite element analysis, a set of design formulas is proposed for determining the critical local buckling loads and ultimate strengths of steel tubes in thin-walled circular CFST columns. The proposed design formulas are verified by comparisons with existing experimental results

Evaluating Competing Agent Strategies for a Voice Email Agent

This paper reports experimental results comparing a mixed-initiative to a system-initiative dialog strategy in the context of a personal voice email agent. To independently test the effects of dialog strategy and user expertise, users interact with either the system-initiative or the mixed-initiative agent to perform three successive tasks which are identical for both agents. We report performance comparisons across agent strategies as well as over tasks. This evaluation utilizes and tests the PARADISE evaluation framework, and discusses the performance function derivable from the experimental data.Comment: 6 pages latex, uses icassp91.sty, psfi