DWV-A, DWV-B and Pan-DWV in <i>A</i>. <i>mellifera</i> from heavily Varroa-infested hives.

<p>The DWV-A, DWV-B and Pan-DWV titres in five individual <i>A</i>. <i>mellifera</i> from the University of Aberdeen apiary employing the single plasmid construct as the external standard. Data presented are DWV genome equivalents per individual (total extracted RNA) mean ± SE performed in triplicate, n = 5.</p

Standard curves and linear uncertainty plots for Pan-DWV, DWV-A and DWV-B assays.

<p>Standard curves and linearity uncertainty (<i>U</i>_LINi) plots for each primer pair using the single constructed plasmid external standard containing fragments for A.) Pan-DWV, B.) DWV-A and C.) DWV-B. Data for the standard curve represent mean ± SE performed in quadruple. Linear regression performance was determined by calculating the mean bias for each load, with bars representing the linearity uncertainty (<i>U</i>_LINi).</p

DWV-A, DWV-B and Pan-DWV levels in <i>A</i>. <i>mellifera</i> in some English colonies.

<p>DWV-A, DWV-B and Pan-DWV titres in <i>A</i>. <i>mellifera</i> from four apiaries in South East England (Essex n = 4, Bedfordshire n = 4, Mid-Suffolk n = 4, East-Suffolk n = 2) employing the single plasmid construct as the external standard. Data presented are DWV genome equivalents per individual (total extracted RNA), mean ± SE performed in triplicate.</p

Location of quantification viral primers.

<p>1) DWV-B primer location, 2) DWV-A primer location, 3) Pan-DWV primer location, shown on all seven viral sequences used. Bold and Underlined sequences identify which sequence was used for primer design, numbers correspond to location on genome sequences (Forward primers on the left, Reverse on the right), blue highlighted (*) areas indicate consensus and red areas indicate mismatch locations, diagonal double line break indicates removed sequence section between primer locations.</p

DWV-A, DWV-B and Pan-DWV levels in <i>A</i>. <i>mellifera</i> from hives with differing Varroa infestations.

<p>DWV-A, DWV-B and Pan-DWV titres in <i>A</i>. <i>mellifera</i> from three apiaries in Scotland, A) Heavily Varroa-infested colonies at the University of Aberdeen apiary (n = 9), B) Lowly Varroa-infested colonies at an Aberdeenshire apiary (n = 8), and C) Varroa-free colonies at the Beinn Eighe National Park (n = 8). Data presented are DWV genome equivalents per individual (total extracted RNA), mean ± SE performed in triplicate.</p

DWV-A, DWV-B and Pan-DWV in <i>Varroa destructor</i>.

<p>The average DWV-A, DWV-B and Pan-DWV titres in <i>V</i>. <i>destructor</i> from the University of Aberdeen apiary employing the single plasmid construct as the external standard. Data presented are DWV genome equivalents per mite (total RNA from pooled extractions), mean ± SE performed in triplicate of three pools each containing three mites.</p

Comparison of the Beebook Method and the Pan-DWV method total DWV titre determination.

<p>Total DWV titres in individual <i>A</i>. <i>mellifera</i> from two locations with different dominant strains as determined by the Beebook Method and the Pan-DWV method. A) University of Aberdeen apiary (DWV-A dominant, n = 8) and B) South East England (E = Essex, n = 4; and M = Mid-Suffolk, n = 4) (DWV-B dominant). Data presented are DWV genome equivalents per individual (total extracted RNA), mean ± SE performed on triplicates.</p