132 research outputs found

    Stromal cells regulate mechanics of tumour spheroid

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    The remarkable contractility and force generation ability exhibited by cancer cells empower them to overcome the resistance and steric hindrance presented by a three-dimensional, interconnected matrix. Cancer cells disseminate by actively remodelling and deforming their extracellular matrix (ECM). The process of tumour growth and its ECM remodelling have been extensively studied, but the effect of the cellular tumour microenvironment (TME) has been ignored in most studies that investigated tumour-cell-mediated ECM deformations and realignment. This study reports the integration of stromal cells in spheroid contractility assays that impacts the ECM remodelling and invasion abilities of cancer spheroids. To investigate this, we developed a novel multilayer in vitro assay that incorporates stromal cells and quantifies the contractile deformations that tumour spheroids exert on the ECM. We observed a negative correlation between the spheroid invasion potential and the levels of collagen deformation. The presence of stromal cells significantly increased cancer cell invasiveness and altered the cancer cells' ability to deform and realign collagen gel, due to upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines. Interestingly, this was observed consistently in both metastatic and non-metastatic cancer cells. Our findings contribute to a better understanding of the vital role played by the cellular TME in regulating the invasive outgrowth of cancer cells and underscore the potential of utilising matrix deformation measurements as a biophysical marker for evaluating invasiveness and informing targeted therapeutic opportunities

    HUMANITARIAN LAW AND ARMED CONFLICT

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    De l’incidence de la mensualisation sur la prévoyance applicable au secteur de l’hospitalisation privée

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    The author notes that the Court of Cassation restricts the scope of the preferential social and fiscal regime accompanying the employer's financing of a provident scheme in the private hospital sector. He criticizes the distinction aimed at excluding from the preferential social and fiscal regime the financing intended to allow an outsourcing of the employer's obligations, preferring to confuse two hypotheses in order to confuse the social regime applicable to the financing of salary maintenance with that relating to the benefits intended to guarantee the latter. The author also puts forward an argument derived from the rules limiting the effects of URSSAF reassessments in the area of complementary social protection.L’auteur note que la Cour de cassation restreint le champ du régime social et fiscal de faveur accompagnant le financement patronal d’un régime de prévoyance dans le secteur de l’hospitalisation privée. Il émet des critiques contre la distinction visant à exclure du régime social et fiscal de faveur les financements destinés à permettre une externalisation des obligations patronales, pour préférer opérer une confusion entre deux hypothèses pour confondre le régime social applicable au financement du maintien de salaire avec celui se rapportant aux prestations destinées à garantir ce dernier. Est également avancé par l’auteur un argument dérivé des règles limitant les effets des redressements URSSAF en matière de protection sociale complémentaire

    De certains arcanes procéduraux de la reconnaissance, de la tarification et de l’indemnisation des risques professionnels

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    International audienceAlthough no difference in coverage is made according to the occupational risk encountered (accident, disease, risk directly or indirectly related to work or its environment), differences result from the recognition procedure to be implemented according to the precise nature of the latter (accident, disease, relapse...). The recognition of an occupational risk imposes the question of the AT-MP rate, and at this stage difficulties appear: for example when the employee victim of an asbestos-related occupational disease has worked successively for several employers (Cass. 2nd civ., January 6, 2022, n°20-13.690); or when the employer has several establishments and has concealed one of them (Cass. 2nd civ., January 6, 2022, n°20-11.097) As for the question of the action for compensation of the victims, difficulties appear, for example, in the case of compensation in the presence of an increased annuity for the benefit of the victim (Cass. 2nd civ., January 6, 2022, n°20-14.502); or in the absence of a proposal for compensation from the insurer of the third party responsible (Cass. 2nd civ., January 2022, n°20-16.012).Bien qu’aucune différence de couverture ne soit faite selon le risque professionnel rencontré (accident, maladie, risque en lien direct ou indirect avec le travail ou son environnement), des différences résultent de la procédure de reconnaissance à mettre en œuvre selon la nature précise de celui-ci (accident, maladie, rechute…). La reconnaissance d’un risque professionnel impose la question de la tarification AT-MP, et à ce stade des difficultés apparaissent : par exemple lorsque le salarié victime d’une maladie professionnelle liée à l’amiante a travaillé successivement pour plusieurs employeurs (Cass. 2ème civ., 6 janvier 2022, n°20-13.690) ; ou lorsque l’employeur compte plusieurs établissements et qu’il a dissimulé l’un d’eux (Cass. 2ème civ., 6 janvier 2022, n°20-11.097). Quant à la question de l’action en indemnisation des victimes, des difficultés apparaissent, par exemple, dans le cas d’une indemnisation en présence d’une rente majorée au bénéfice de la victime (Cass. 2ème civ., 6 janvier 2022, n°20-14.502) ; ou en l’absence d’une proposition d’indemnisation de la part de l’assureur du tiers responsable (Cass. 2ème civ., 20 janvier 2022, n°20-16.012)

    DĂ©finition du droit humanitaire

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    Coursier Henri. Définition du droit humanitaire. In: Annuaire français de droit international, volume 1, 1955. pp. 223-227
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