3 research outputs found
Real-time control of distributed batteries with blockchain-enabled market export commitments
Recent years have seen a surge of interest in
distributed residential batteries for households with renewable
generation. Yet, assuring battery assets are profitable for their
owners requires a complex optimisation of the battery asset and
additional revenue sources, such as novel ways to access wholesale
energy markets. In this paper, we propose a framework in which
wholesale market bids are placed on forward energy markets
by an aggregator of distributed residential batteries that are
controlled in real time by a novel Home Energy Management
System (HEMS) control algorithm to meet the market commitments, while maximising local self-consumption. The proposed
framework consists of three stages. In the first stage, an optimal
day-ahead or intra-day scheduling of the aggregated storage
assets is computed centrally. For the second stage, a bidding
strategy is developed for wholesale energy markets. Finally, in the
third stage, a novel HEMS real-time control algorithm based on a
smart contract allows coordination of residential batteries to meet
the market commitments and maximise self-consumption of local
production. Using a case study provided by a large UK-based
energy demonstrator, we apply the framework to an aggregator
with 70 residential batteries. Experimental analysis is done using
real per minute data for demand and production. Results indicate
that the proposed approach increases the aggregator’s revenues
by 35% compared to a case without residential flexibility, and
increases the self-consumption rate of the households by a factor
of two. The robustness of the results to uncertainty, forecast
errors and to communication latency is also demonstrated