Negated bio-events: Analysis and identification

Background: Negation occurs frequently in scientific literature, especially in biomedical literature. It has previously been reported that around 13% of sentences found in biomedical research articles contain negation. Historically, the main motivation for identifying negated events has been to ensure their exclusion from lists of extracted interactions. However, recently, there has been a growing interest in negative results, which has resulted in negation detection being identified as a key challenge in biomedical relation extraction. In this article, we focus on the problem of identifying negated bio-events, given gold standard event annotations.Results: We have conducted a detailed analysis of three open access bio-event corpora containing negation information (i.e., GENIA Event, BioInfer and BioNLP'09 ST), and have identified the main types of negated bio-events. We have analysed the key aspects of a machine learning solution to the problem of detecting negated events, including selection of negation cues, feature engineering and the choice of learning algorithm. Combining the best solutions for each aspect of the problem, we propose a novel framework for the identification of negated bio-events. We have evaluated our system on each of the three open access corpora mentioned above. The performance of the system significantly surpasses the best results previously reported on the BioNLP'09 ST corpus, and achieves even better results on the GENIA Event and BioInfer corpora, both of which contain more varied and complex events.Conclusions: Recently, in the field of biomedical text mining, the development and enhancement of event-based systems has received significant interest. The ability to identify negated events is a key performance element for these systems. We have conducted the first detailed study on the analysis and identification of negated bio-events. Our proposed framework can be integrated with state-of-the-art event extraction systems. The resulting systems will be able to extract bio-events with attached polarities from textual documents, which can serve as the foundation for more elaborate systems that are able to detect mutually contradicting bio-events. © 2013 Nawaz et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd

Implementation of CBSE in Small Businesses

Introduction The U.S. Small Business Administration defines small businesses as having fewer than 500 employees. Over 99 percent of all U.S. businesses are small businesses, and from 1992 to 1996, small businesses created all of the net new jobs [1]. Yet, reference to the literature on software engineering suggests strongly that implementation of software engineering process models, such as the Software Engineering Institute's Capability Maturity Model (CMM) and ISO 9000, occur among large organizations and on Department of Defense projects. Additionally, object-oriented and componentware methodologists---such as Grady Booch, Ivar Jacobson, Bertrand Meyer, and James Rumbaugh, among others---generally conduct consulting assignments that eventuate in their articles and books within organizations having more than 500 employees. Numerous small, independent software vendors (ISVs) and information technology (IT) organizations operating in small businesses will adopt compo

WS-Specification: Specifying Web Services Using UDDI Improvements

Web services are interoperable components that can be used in application-integration and component-based application development. In so doing, the appropriate specification of Web services, as the basis for discovery and configuration, becomes a critical success factor. This paper analyses the UDDI specification framework, which is part of the emerging Web service architecture, and proposes a variety of improvements referring both to the provided information and the appropriate formal notations. This leads to a more sophisticated specification framework that is called WS-Specification and provides information referring to different perspectives on Web services. It considers Web service acquisition, architecture, security, performance, conceptual concepts and processes, interface definitions, assertions, and method coordination. WS-Specification thereby maintains backward-compatibility to UDDI and is ordered using a thematic grouping that consists of white, yellow, blue, and green pages