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Plantes, terrains et cultures botaniques : herboriser dans lâOuest de la France au XIXe siĂšcle
In the 19th century, individuals of different ages, genders and social conditions went out and collected plants to make herbariums. The diversity of the collections they produced, and of the written sources documenting them, raises questions about the various botanical cultures in which this collecting activity took place. Educational collections and souvenir herbariums created during travels or in gardens attest to a practice suited to a variety of purposes. The position of collectors as amateuris studied in relation to their practices and knowledge, and according to the herborizing networks and learned societies in which they were involved. Floristic inventories formed the basis of the boundaries and identitied Western France as a botanical space, defined by social and biological factors, where "wild" nature is sought after.The understanding of plants was rooted in shifting theoretical frameworks concerning the notion of species and the living. It involved transporting plants into different spaces, such as gardens, laboratories and museums. The presence of plants in the field was a prerequisite for the validity of this knowledge, but the appetite of collectors and environmental changes were undermining this equation. While botanists collectively attempted to moderate collections, they also interferd directly in environments by multiplying or planting plants, or adopted critical stances on environmental developments. In this way, this thesis attempts to capture the diversity and density of relationships, between individuals and with the environment, induced by herborization.Au XIXe siĂšcle, des individus de diffĂ©rents Ăąges, genres et conditions sociales, vont dehors et collectent des plantes pour faire des herbiers. La diversitĂ© des collections quâils produisent et des sources Ă©crites qui les documentent interroge les multiples cultures botaniques dans lesquelles sâinscrit cette activitĂ© de collecte. Les collectes pĂ©dagogiques, les herbiers souvenirs constituĂ©s lors des voyages, dans des jardins, attestent dâune pratique appropriĂ©e Ă diffĂ©rentes fins. Le positionnement des collecteurs en tant quâamateurs de sciences est Ă©tudiĂ© relativement Ă leurs pratiques, Ă leurs savoirs, ainsi que suivant les rĂ©seaux dâherborisation et les sociĂ©tĂ©s savantes dans lesquels ils sâinscrivent. Les inventaires floristiques fondent les limites et lâidentitĂ© de lâOuest de la France comme espace botanique, dĂ©fini par des facteurs sociaux et biologiques, oĂč la nature « sauvage » est recherchĂ©e. La comprĂ©hension du vĂ©gĂ©tal sâinscrit dans des cadres thĂ©oriques mouvants sur la notion dâespĂšces et de vivant. Elle implique le transport du vĂ©gĂ©tal dans diffĂ©rents espaces, tels que les jardins, les laboratoires, les musĂ©es. La prĂ©sence des plantes sur le terrain est une condition de validitĂ© de ces savoirs, mais lâappĂ©tit des collectionneurs et les modifications environnementales fragilisent cette Ă©quation. Si les botanistes tentent collectivement de modĂ©rer les collectes, ils interviennent aussi directement dans les milieux en multipliant ou plantant les vĂ©gĂ©taux, ou adoptent des positions critiques quant aux amĂ©nagements de lâenvironnement. Il sâagit de saisir la diversitĂ© et la densitĂ© des relations, entre les individus et Ă lâenvironnement, quâinduit lâherborisation