Nitrite Reductase 1 Is a Target of Nitric Oxide-Mediated Post-Translational Modifications and Controls Nitrogen Flux and Growth in Arabidopsis

Peer reviewe

Nitric Oxide Controls Constitutive Freezing Tolerance in Arabidopsis by Attenuating the Levels of Osmoprotectants, Stress-Related Hormones and Anthocyanins

Peer reviewe

Opioid antagonists differ according to negative intrinsic efficacy in a mouse model of acute dependence

1. The purpose of the present study is to compare the capacity of opioid antagonists to elicit withdrawal jumping in mice following two acute pretreatment doses of the opioid agonist morphine. Antagonists that precipitate vigorous withdrawal jumping across both morphine treatment doses are hypothesized to be strong inverse agonists at the μ-opioid receptor, whereas antagonists that elicit withdrawal jumping in mice treated with the high but not the low dose of morphine are hypothesized to be weak inverse agonists. 2. Male, Swiss-Webster mice (15–30 g) were acutely treated with 56 or 180 mg kg(−1) morphine 4 h prior to injection with naloxone, naltrexone, diprenorphine, nalorphine, or naloxonazine. Vertical jumping, paw tremors, and weight loss were recorded. Naloxone, naltrexone, and diprenorphine produced withdrawal jumping after 56 and 180 mg kg(−1)morphine pretreatment. Nalorphine and naloxonazine produced moderate withdrawal jumping after 180 mg kg(−1) morphine pretreatment, but failed to elicit significant withdrawal jumping after 56 mg kg(−1) morphine pretreatment. Nalorphine and naloxonazine blocked the withdrawal jumping produced by naloxone. All antagonists produced paw tremors and weight loss although these effects were generally not dose-dependent. 3. Taken together, these findings reveal a rank order of negative intrinsic efficacy for these opioid antagonists as follows: naloxone=naltrexone⩾diprenorphine>nalorphine=naloxonazine. Furthermore, the observation that nalorphine and naloxonazine blocked the naloxone-induced withdrawal jumping provides additional evidence that nalorphine and naloxonazine are weaker inverse agonists than naloxone