FRIEDRICH RATZEL E O DETERMINISMO GEOGRÁFICO: A CONSTRUÇÃO DE UM ESTIGMA

This article worries about the difficulties imposed on those who want to know the contributions proposed by Friedrich Ratzel to geographic science, due to the stigmatization imposed on this thinker, who is represented as the great theoretical driver of “geographical determinism”. Thus, the main objective is to analyze the relationship between the notions produced by Ratzel and the theoreticalmethodological conception of geographical determinism. The research procedures adopted consisted of a bibliographic review: of works by Ratzel, national and international revisionist productions, in addition to works by authors who endorsed the deterministic qualification on him. In this journey, we see that Ratzel already considered culture as an emancipatory element in relation to natural influences, as well as, his works did not contain notions in agreement with the inveterate geographic determinism, as had been expressed by the magnetism of the historical authority attributed to the winning countries of the Second War And therefore to its thinkers, especially in the French and Anglo-Saxon environment.O presente artigo inquieta-se a partir das dificuldades impostas para quem deseja conhecer as contribuições propostas por Friedrich Ratzel à ciência geográfica, em virtude da estigmatização imposta a esse pensador, que é representado como o grande propulsor teórico do “determinismo geográfico”. Dessa forma, tem-se por objetivo principal: analisar a relação entre as noções produzidas por Ratzel e a concepção teórico-metodológica do determinismo geográfico. Os procedimentos de pesquisa adotados consistiram em revisão bibliográfica: de trabalhos de Ratzel, produções revisionistas nacionais e internacionais, além de obras de autores que endossaram a qualificação determinista sobre ele. Neste caminhar verificamos que Ratzel já considerava a cultura como elemento emancipatório em relação às influências naturais, bem como, suas obras não continha noções em anuência com o determinismo geográfico inveterado, como houvera sido expresso pelo magnetismo da oficialidade histórica atribuída aos países vencedores da Segunda Guerra Mundial e, por conseguinte, aos seus pensadores, em especial, no ambiente francês e anglo-saxã

Friedrich Ratzel and the stigmas: the construction of a geographic determinist

A dissertação em tela vasculha as origens e os desdobramentos históricos da associação entre Friedrich Ratzel [1844-1904] e o \"determinismo geográfico\". Os três capítulos que alicerçam esta pesquisa movem-se, de maneiras diferentes, pretensos a exprimir a arritmia entre a lembrança mais imediata que a maior parte dos geógrafos possui desse pensador e a envergadura do seu patrimônio legado às ciências humanas. Esforçamo-nos, então, por: 1) restituir a complexidade interpretativa para com a sua malha conceitual, compondo-a junto a sua trajetória pessoal, profissional e ambiências políticas e sociais, ao mesmo tempo defrontando tais elementos ao seu \"complexo estigmatizante\"; 2) esmiuçar os trabalhos que contribuíram para erguer esse rótulo e as circunstâncias acadêmicas da época; e 3) acompanhar a progressão dessa pecha sobre o autor até os tempos atuais, comparando seus respectivos sentidos com extratos textuais ratzelianos, provocando a pertinência filosófica e científica de tal denominação. Verificou-se que a vinculação entre o autor e a referida concepção assalta a importância atribuída à herança conceitual e metodológica de Ratzel e constitui-se como seriamente prejudicial à apreensão histórica das bases teóricas que auxiliaram a estruturar a nossa ciência.The dissertation on canvas examines the origins and historical developments of the association between Friedrich Ratzel [1844-1904] and \"geographical determinism\". The three chapters that underpin this research move, in different ways, intended to express the arrhythmia between the most immediate memory that most geographers have of this thinker and the breadth of his heritage bequeathed to the human sciences. We strive, then, to: 1. Restore the interpretative complexity to its conceptual mesh, composing it together with its personal, professional trajectory and political and social ambiences. Facing these elements to their \"stigmatizing complex\". 2. To scrutinize the works that contributed to raising this label and the academic circumstances of the time. 3. Follow the progression of this blame on the author up to the present time, comparing these meanings with Ratzelian textual extracts, provoking the philosophical and scientific pertinence of this denomination. It was verified that the link between the author and the referred conception, assaults the importance attributed to the conceptual and methodological heritage of Ratzel and constitutes itself as seriously harmful to the historical apprehension of the theoretical bases that helped to structure our science

O modelo de Guerra de 4ª Geração e Guerra Híbrida na Ucrânia do começo do século XXI

When scanning the trajectory of the “evolution” of the hegemonic ways of waging war, it appears that in contemporary times, there is an aberrant shift in relation to proportional progress with regard to the previous model. The warlike technological repertoire available, coupled with political and economic agendas, have reached levels and disastrous proportions never seen before. In this way, this article aims to clarify in an express way the association between the terms "4th Generation War" and "Hybrid War", in order to compare the disposition of the movements that animated the turbulences of the Ukrainian political-social environment, in the events of the Orange Revolution, the Euromaidan and the annexation of Crimea by Russia, understood from these two models. The research procedures adopted consist of a bibliographic review of works related to the theme, articles published in scientific journals and registered academic productions. In the outcome of the investigation, it was possible to identify the central role played by governments of other countries and international organizations conducted, above all through social media vehicles in the impetus of the revolutionary process, which, however, despite imposing significant changes in the territory, remained resigned to the rays of domination outlined by the attacking hegemonic actors.Ao esquadrinhar a trajetória da “evolução” das formas hegemônicas de se fazer guerra, constata-se que, na contemporaneidade, há um deslocamento aberrante em relação ao progresso proporcional no que se refere ao modelo anterior. O repertório tecnológico bélico disponível somado às agendas política e econômica realizam níveis de alcance e proporções desastrosas nunca antes observados. Neste caminhar, o presente artigo tem por objetivo esclarecer de maneira expressa a associação entre os termos “guerra de 4ª geração” e “guerra híbrida”, com vistas a cotejar a disposição dos movimentos que animaram as turbulências do ambiente político-social ucraniano nos ocorridos da Revolução Laranja, do Euromaidan e da anexação da Crimeia pela Rússia, compreendidos a partir desses dois modelos. Os procedimentos de pesquisa adotados consistem em revisão bibliográfica de obras concernentes à temática, artigos publicados, periódicos científicos e produções acadêmicas registradas. No desenlace da investigação, foi possível identificar o papel central desempenhado por governos de outros países e organismos internacionais conduzido, sobretudo, a partir de veículos de mídia social no impulsionar do processo revolucionário, que, todavia, apesar de impor modificações significativas no território, permaneceu resignado às raias de dominação delineadas pelos atores hegemônicos atacantes

ATLANTIC ANTS: a data set of ants in Atlantic Forests of South America

International audienc

Brazilian Flora 2020: Leveraging the power of a collaborative scientific network

International audienceThe shortage of reliable primary taxonomic data limits the description of biological taxa and the understanding of biodiversity patterns and processes, complicating biogeographical, ecological, and evolutionary studies. This deficit creates a significant taxonomic impediment to biodiversity research and conservation planning. The taxonomic impediment and the biodiversity crisis are widely recognized, highlighting the urgent need for reliable taxonomic data. Over the past decade, numerous countries worldwide have devoted considerable effort to Target 1 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC), which called for the preparation of a working list of all known plant species by 2010 and an online world Flora by 2020. Brazil is a megadiverse country, home to more of the world's known plant species than any other country. Despite that, Flora Brasiliensis, concluded in 1906, was the last comprehensive treatment of the Brazilian flora. The lack of accurate estimates of the number of species of algae, fungi, and plants occurring in Brazil contributes to the prevailing taxonomic impediment and delays progress towards the GSPC targets. Over the past 12 years, a legion of taxonomists motivated to meet Target 1 of the GSPC, worked together to gather and integrate knowledge on the algal, plant, and fungal diversity of Brazil. Overall, a team of about 980 taxonomists joined efforts in a highly collaborative project that used cybertaxonomy to prepare an updated Flora of Brazil, showing the power of scientific collaboration to reach ambitious goals. This paper presents an overview of the Brazilian Flora 2020 and provides taxonomic and spatial updates on the algae, fungi, and plants found in one of the world's most biodiverse countries. We further identify collection gaps and summarize future goals that extend beyond 2020. Our results show that Brazil is home to 46,975 native species of algae, fungi, and plants, of which 19,669 are endemic to the country. The data compiled to date suggests that the Atlantic Rainforest might be the most diverse Brazilian domain for all plant groups except gymnosperms, which are most diverse in the Amazon. However, scientific knowledge of Brazilian diversity is still unequally distributed, with the Atlantic Rainforest and the Cerrado being the most intensively sampled and studied biomes in the country. In times of “scientific reductionism”, with botanical and mycological sciences suffering pervasive depreciation in recent decades, the first online Flora of Brazil 2020 significantly enhanced the quality and quantity of taxonomic data available for algae, fungi, and plants from Brazil. This project also made all the information freely available online, providing a firm foundation for future research and for the management, conservation, and sustainable use of the Brazilian funga and flora