Savoir reconnaître les présences du manque : La non-traduction du sikhisme au Québec

Les occurrences du terme « non-traduction » en traductologie peuvent être de quatre catégories : partielle ou totale, envisagées toutes deux quant à la production traductive ou d’un point de vue théorique. Cette classification permet d’établir que la non-traduction renvoie à une distorsion de ce qu’est ou devrait être l’objet « traduction », ou alors à une absence surprenante de celle-ci. L’idée de non-traduction (partielle ou totale) avant, pendant ou après la production peut être employée pour traiter des manifestations de la non-traduction, soit de la distorsion et de l’absence, dans le cas du sikhisme au Québec. Deux angles d’approche sont ici proposés : les livres religieux et le discours médiatique contemporain. Pour le premier, une étude de la situation permet de conclure à une non-sélection d’ouvrages à des fins de traduction et à diverses formes de distorsions et d’absences marquant les livres publiés eux-mêmes et le traitement de ces livres post-publication. Pour le second, la non-traduction est envisagée surtout comme une distorsion ou une absence de la traduction inter-référentielle et citoyenne de Basalamah telle que celles-ci se trouvent dans de grands quotidiens québécois, et se manifeste de plusieurs façons ayant principalement comme conséquence de discréditer le sikhisme et ses pratiquants. Dans l’ensemble, les cas relevés donnent l'occasion de constater la variété de la non-traduction, un objet traductologique peu connu, mais riche pour réfléchir aux présences matérielles du manque

Kinematic Analysis of Pianists' Expressive Performances of Romantic Excerpts: Applications for Enhanced Pedagogical Approaches

Established pedagogical theories for classical piano usually do not consider the essential relationship between the musical structure, whole body movements, and expression. Research focusing on musicians' expression has shown that body movements reflect the performer's understanding of the musical structure. However, most studies to date focus on the performance of a single piece at a time, leaving unanswered the question on how structural parameters of pieces with varied technical difficulties influence pianists' movements. In this study, 10 pianists performed three contrasting Romantic excerpts in terms of technical level and character, while motion data was collected with a passive infrared motion capture system. We observed how pianists modulate their performances for each of the three pieces and measured the absolute difference in percentage of duration and quantity of motion (QoM) between four expressive conditions (normal, deadpan, exaggerated, immobile). We analyzed common patterns within the time-series of position data to investigate whether pianists embody musical structure in similar ways. A survey was filled in by pianists to understand how they conceive the relationship between body movements and musical structure. Results show that the variation in duration between the exaggerated and deadpan conditions was significant in one measure for one of the excerpts, and that tempo was less affected by the QoM used than by the level of expression. By applying PCA on the pianists' position data, we found that the head QoM is an important parameter for communicating different expressions and structural features. Significant variations in head QoM were found in the immobile and deadpan conditions if compared to the normal condition, only in specific regions of the score. Recurrent head movements occurred along with certain structural parameters for two of the excerpts only. Altogether, these results indicate that the analysis of pianists' body movements and expressive intentions should be carried out in relation to the specific musical context, being dependent on the technical level of the pieces and the repertoire. These results, combined with piano teaching methods, may lead to the development of new approaches in instrumental lessons to help students make independent choices regarding body movements and expression

Alterations in dual-task walking persist two months after mild traumatic brain injury in young adults

International audienceObjectives: To compare dual-task performance involving different cognitive-locomotor combinations between healthy controls and participants with sub-acute mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) and to correlate dual-task performances to history of prior head injuries. Methods: Eighteen participants having recently sustained mTBI and 15 controls performed nine dual-tasks combining locomotor (level-walking, narrow obstacle, deep obstacle) and cognitive (Stroop task, Verbal fluency, Counting backwards) tasks. Previous history of concussion was also investigated. Results: Slower gait speeds were observed in the mTBI group compared to controls during both single and dual-tasks. Longer response times to cognitive tasks in the mTBI group further suggested the presence of residual impairments two months following injury. No combination of dual-task was more sensitive. Correlations were observed between history of mTBI and several measures of dual-task performance, underlying the need to further consider the effects of multiple injuries in relation to dual-task walking. Conclusion: Dual-tasks using simultaneously locomotor and cognitive functions represent an ecological way for clinicians to detect residual, but subtle, alterations post-mTBI. History of previous mTBI needs to be considered as a personal characteristic which may influence dual-task walking performance

Duration of androgen deprivation therapy with postoperative radiotherapy for prostate cancer: a comparison of long-course versus short-course androgen deprivation therapy in the RADICALS-HD randomised trial

Background Previous evidence supports androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) with primary radiotherapy as initial treatment for intermediate-risk and high-risk localised prostate cancer. However, the use and optimal duration of ADT with postoperative radiotherapy after radical prostatectomy remains uncertain. Methods RADICALS-HD was a randomised controlled trial of ADT duration within the RADICALS protocol. Here, we report on the comparison of short-course versus long-course ADT. Key eligibility criteria were indication for radiotherapy after previous radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer, prostate-specific antigen less than 5 ng/mL, absence of metastatic disease, and written consent. Participants were randomly assigned (1:1) to add 6 months of ADT (short-course ADT) or 24 months of ADT (long-course ADT) to radiotherapy, using subcutaneous gonadotrophin-releasing hormone analogue (monthly in the short-course ADT group and 3-monthly in the long-course ADT group), daily oral bicalutamide monotherapy 150 mg, or monthly subcutaneous degarelix. Randomisation was done centrally through minimisation with a random element, stratified by Gleason score, positive margins, radiotherapy timing, planned radiotherapy schedule, and planned type of ADT, in a computerised system. The allocated treatment was not masked. The primary outcome measure was metastasis-free survival, defined as metastasis arising from prostate cancer or death from any cause. The comparison had more than 80% power with two-sided α of 5% to detect an absolute increase in 10-year metastasis-free survival from 75% to 81% (hazard ratio [HR] 0·72). Standard time-to-event analyses were used. Analyses followed intention-to-treat principle. The trial is registered with the ISRCTN registry, ISRCTN40814031, and ClinicalTrials.gov , NCT00541047 . Findings Between Jan 30, 2008, and July 7, 2015, 1523 patients (median age 65 years, IQR 60–69) were randomly assigned to receive short-course ADT (n=761) or long-course ADT (n=762) in addition to postoperative radiotherapy at 138 centres in Canada, Denmark, Ireland, and the UK. With a median follow-up of 8·9 years (7·0–10·0), 313 metastasis-free survival events were reported overall (174 in the short-course ADT group and 139 in the long-course ADT group; HR 0·773 [95% CI 0·612–0·975]; p=0·029). 10-year metastasis-free survival was 71·9% (95% CI 67·6–75·7) in the short-course ADT group and 78·1% (74·2–81·5) in the long-course ADT group. Toxicity of grade 3 or higher was reported for 105 (14%) of 753 participants in the short-course ADT group and 142 (19%) of 757 participants in the long-course ADT group (p=0·025), with no treatment-related deaths. Interpretation Compared with adding 6 months of ADT, adding 24 months of ADT improved metastasis-free survival in people receiving postoperative radiotherapy. For individuals who can accept the additional duration of adverse effects, long-course ADT should be offered with postoperative radiotherapy. Funding Cancer Research UK, UK Research and Innovation (formerly Medical Research Council), and Canadian Cancer Society

Master of Thy Fate? : The Role of Prior Success in Shaping Children's Illusory Control and Reliance on Informants in Novel Situations

With increased access to information, children are required to filter information more frequently than ever. Although previous research has examined how children use the characteristics of others (e.g., such as confidence) to selectively learn, little is known about the role of children's own characteristics in selective learning. My thesis examines individual differences in children's illusory control, or overconfidence in their abilities, and its influence on their decision to engage in social learning. The Pilot Study aimed to develop a task to manipulate children's illusory control and assess its subsequent impact on their help requests towards an accurate informant. Based on pilot results, methodological changes were made for the next two studies. In Study 1, 5-year-olds first experienced success or failure at locating objects to manipulate their illusory control. Next, they chose whether to answer novel questions by themselves or with the help of a knowledgeable informant. In Study 2, 7- and 8-year-olds experienced the same manipulation and then answered novel questions, endorsing or omitting a teacher and search engine answers. Afterward, more novel questions were presented where children chose to answer on their own or with the help of one of the informants. Results revealed that children's prior success influenced their decision to trust the informants but only in the same domain as when they experienced their success or failure. On average, younger and older children requested help for half the questions. Overall, children did not demonstrate a preference for the teacher or the search engine; however, their choice was influenced by the success manipulation, the types of questions asked, and their levels of confidence. Other measures such as children's level of confidence in their learning skills and a parental measure of children's confidence and leadership attributes correlated with children's trust towards informants, indicating that individual factors might play an important role in children's decision to trust others and should be further explored. Overall, these studies emphasize the need for further investigation into individual differences, such as illusory control, in children's decisions to engage in social learning when presented with various types of informants

Combinaisons de tâches locomotrices et cognitives pour révéler les déficits exécutifs suivant un traumatisme crânio-cérébral léger chez des jeunes adolescents

Quatorze jeunes adolescents ayant précédemment subi un TCCL et treize jeunes adolescents sains ont navigué dans différents environnements combinant des conditions locomotrices (sans obstacle, enjamber un obstacle mince ou profond) et cognitives (sans tâche, tâche de Stroop (St), tâche de fluidité verbale, tâche mathématique). Le but était d’identifier les combinaisons de tâches locomotrices et cognitives ainsi que les variables qui différencient des jeunes adolescents ayant subi un TCCL à des jeunes adolescents sains. La fluidité a été trouvée plus sensible que la vitesse de marche. Le coût moteur de double-tâche (changement relatif entre une condition sans et avec obstacle combinant une même tâche cognitive) a différencié les groupes, spécifiquement lorsqu’une interférence visuelle était impliquée (St) et encore plus quand la demande au niveau de l’équilibre dynamique augmentait avec la profondeur de l’obstacle. Ces résultats aident à diriger les recherches futures sur l’évaluation clinique utilisant la double-tâche à la marche post-TCCL chez les adolescents.Fourteen young adolescents who had previously sustained a mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) and thirteen healthy adolescents walked in different conditions related to environmental contexts (unobstructed walking (LEVEL), stepping over a narrow obstacle and stepping over a deep obstacle) and simultaneous cognitive tasks (no dual task (NO), Stroop task (St), verbal fluency task and arithmetic task). The goal was to identify the sensitive combinations of locomotor and cognitive tasks as well as variables that would differentiate children in early adolescence with an mTBI from those without. Fluidity was found to be more sensitive than gait speed. Motor dual-task cost (relative change between LEVEL and obstacle crossing with the same cognitive task) was found to differentiate both groups, specifically when involving visual interference (St) and more so when the dynamic equilibrium demand increased with obstacle depth. These results provide direction for future research on clinical assessment using dual-task walking post-mTBI in adolescents

La poétique de l'altérité dans La trilogie de Vrénalik d'Esther Rochon: suivi de trois textes consacrés à des auteurs québécois et acadiens

Deuxième partie : Trois textes consacrés à des auteurs québécois et acadiens : De Poe à Melville et Crémazie -- The American dream, ou, L'Amérique trompe-l'oeil dans trois romans de François Barcelo -- Les voix nocturnes : modes de représentations de la cité dans la poésie acadienne contemporaine. -- Annexe I : Biographie d'Esther Rochon. -- Annexe II : Histoire de la littérature de science-fiction au Québec.Cette thèse de maîtrise est divisée en deux parties. La première partie est consacrée à la poétique de l’altérité dans la trilogie de Vrénalik de la romancière québécoise Esther Rochon. Reposant sur le postulat que la notion d’altérité est ce qui décrit le mieux le phénomène d’écart entre le monde de l’auteur et du lecteur, et celui du récit de science-fiction qui vise à générer une réflexion sur l’étrangeté et l’altérité, cette première partie vise à montrer comment les axes actoriel, spatial et temporel s’organisent dans la trilogie d’Esther Rochon par rapport au vraisemblable réaliste (avec le roman dit «traditionnel»), formant ainsi une dynamique intrinsèque qui lui est propre. La deuxième partie regroupe trois textes écrits soit en collaboration, soit de façon individuelle, consacrés à des auteurs québécois et acadiens. Le premier texte, «De Poe à Melville et Crémazie : l’imaginaire de la fin et la naissance de la littérature en Amérique du Nord», a été écrit en collaboration avec le professeur Jean Morency. D a été publié dans Edgar Allan Poe. Une pensée de la fin, un collectif dirigé par Jean-François Chassay, Jean-François Côté et Bertrand Gervais (Montréal, Éditions Liber, 2001). Ce texte s’inscrit directement dans la réflexion sur la littérature fantastique développée dans la première partie de la thèse. Le deuxième texte, «The American Dream ou L’Amérique trompe-l’œil dans trois romans de François Barcelo», vient d’être soumis à la revue universitaire Studies in Canadian Literature/Études en littérature canadienne. D se situe dans le sillage du questionnement de l’altérité faisant l’objet de la première partie de la thèse. Quant au troisième texte, «Les voix nocturnes : modes de représentations de la cité dans la poésie acadienne contemporaine», écrit en collaboration avec Manon Laparra, il a été accepté pour publication par la revue universitaire Francophonies d ’Amérique. Ce dernier texte constitue une application au corpus acadien de la réflexion menée sur l’imaginaire et le fantastique.statement of responsibility: Isabelle Cossette.--thesis: Thèse (M.A. Français) -- Université de Moncton, Faculté des arts et des sciences sociales, 2001.bibliography: Bibliogr. f.[90]-94.additional physical form: Également disponible sur microfiches et en version électronique