Examining the Variability in General Education Placements for Students With Intellectual Disability

Despite the overwhelming body of research suggesting that students with intellectual disability benefit from access to general education placements, students with intellectual disability continue to be educated primarily in segregated settings. Furthermore, the percentage of students with intellectual disability included in general education classrooms varies greatly among and within states across the United States. In an effort to explore such variability in New York State, we examined trends in general education placement rates of students with intellectual disability across districts and possible predictors of placement in regular classes. Results suggest that although descriptive patterns of placement exist, a more definitive explanation of variability requires a deeper analysis of policy and procedure at the district level

Ferrocene-1-carbaldehyde thio­semi­carbazone

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, [Fe(C5H5)(C7H8N3S)], consists of two crystallographically independent mol­ecules, A and B. The cyclo­penta­dienyl (Cp) rings in both mol­ecules adopt an eclipsed conformation and are parallel to each other, forming dihedral angles of 2.5 (3) and 1.1 (3)°, respectively. The mean plane of the semicarbazone group is coplanar with the attached Cp ring in mol­ecule A, whereas it is twisted away in mol­ecule B. In the crystal structure, inter­molecular N—H⋯S hydrogen bonds link the mol­ecules into two-dimensional planes parallel to the ab plane. The structure is further consolidated by C—H⋯π inter­actions

2-(4-Fluoro­phen­yl)-2-oxoethyl 4-meth­oxy­benzoate

In the title compound, C16H13FO4, the dihedral angle between the benzene rings is 84.28 (8)°. In the crystal, C—H⋯F and C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds link the mol­ecules to form a three-dimensional network. The crystal structure is consolidated by C—H⋯π inter­actions and short F⋯F contacts [2.7748 (14) Å] also occur

Diethyl 4-[2-(4-meth­oxy­phen­yl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl]-2,6-dimethyl-1,4-dihydro­pyridine-3,5-dicarboxyl­ate

In the title compound, C23H27N3O5, the pyrazole ring is inclined at dihedral angles of 38.16 (6) and 80.80 (6)°, respectively, to the least-squares planes of the benzene and dihydro­pyridine rings. In the crystal, adjacent mol­ecules are linked via a pair of N—H⋯N hydrogen bonds, forming an inversion dimer. The dimers are stacked in a column along the a axis through N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds. Intra- and inter­molecular C—H⋯N and C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds are also observed

2-(4-Bromo­phen­yl)-2-oxoethyl 4-hy­droxy­benzoate

In the title compound, C15H11BrO4, the dihedral angle between the aromatic rings is 66.77 (8)°. In the crystal, O—H⋯O, C—H⋯Br and C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds link the mol­ecules, forming layers lying parallel to (101). The crystal packing is further consolidated by C—H⋯π inter­actions and π–π stacking inter­actions [centroid–centroid distance = 3.5476 (7) Å]

Diethyl 4-hy­droxy-4-methyl-6-oxo-2-phenyl­cyclo­hexane-1,3-dicarboxyl­ate

In the title mol­ecule, C19H24O6, the cyclo­hexa­none ring adopts a chair conformation. The dihedral angle between the phenyl ring and the best plane through the six atoms of the cyclo­hexa­none ring is 89.68 (7)°. In the crystal structure, mol­ecules are linked via pairs of inter­molecular O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds into centrosymmetric dimers and these dimers are connected by C—H⋯O inter­actions into columns down the a axis

Dimethyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-1,4-dihydro­pyridine-3,5-dicarboxyl­ate

In the title compound, C20H21N3O4, the 1,4-dihydro­pyridine ring adopts a boat conformation. An intra­molecular C—H⋯O hydrogen bond generates an S(6) ring motif. The pyrazole ring makes dihedral angles of 87.81 (7) and 45.09 (7)° with the mean plane of the 1,4-dihydro­pyridine ring and the phenyl ring, respectively. In the crystal, mol­ecules are linked by N—H⋯N, N—H⋯O and C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds into a three-dimensional network

4-(4-Fluoro­phen­oxy)benzoic acid

In the title compound, C13H9FO3, the dihedral angle between the two benzene rings is 70.99 (5)°. In the crystal structure, mol­ecules are linked into dimers by centrosymmetric O—H⋯O inter­actions, generating R 2 2(8) ring motifs. These dimers are linked into a two-dimensional array, parallel to the ab plane, by two different C—H⋯O inter­actions. A weak C—H⋯π inter­actions is also present

2-Ethyl­piperidinium chloride

In the title molecular salt, C7H16N+·Cl−, the piperidinium ring adopts a chair conformation. In the crystal, the two components are connected by N—H⋯Cl and C—H⋯Cl hydrogen bonds, forming a supra­molecular double-chain structure along the c axis