Multidimensional Urban Segregation - Toward A Neural Network Measure

We introduce a multidimensional, neural-network approach to reveal and measure urban segregation phenomena, based on the Self-Organizing Map algorithm (SOM). The multidimensionality of SOM allows one to apprehend a large number of variables simultaneously, defined on census or other types of statistical blocks, and to perform clustering along them. Levels of segregation are then measured through correlations between distances on the neural network and distances on the actual geographical map. Further, the stochasticity of SOM enables one to quantify levels of heterogeneity across census blocks. We illustrate this new method on data available for the city of Paris.Comment: NCAA S.I. WSOM+ 201

Damage Control: Staking Claim to Employment Law Remedies for Undocumented Immigrant Workers After \u3cem\u3eHoffman Plastic Compounds, Inc. v. NLRB\u3c/em\u3e

This Note explains why the Supreme Court\u27s decision in Hoffman threatens to do the exact opposite of what the Court intended. Specifically, while the majority\u27s opinion purports to maintain the integrity of IRCA, it will likely undermine the Act by encouraging employers to hire undocumented workers.\u27 In addition to creating confusion, the Hoffman decision offends traditional notions of statutory construction by departing from both the text of the statute and the legislative intent. Furthermore, the holding has the de facto effect of forging a new way to investigate IRCA violations and grants employers a new defense to liability. Moreover, in effect, the holding condones employer violations of IRCA. In light of the foregoing and Hoffman\u27s threat to immigration, labor, and employment law and policy, Congress must clarify its intent or the Court must overturn its decision. Following this Introduction, Part II of this Note provides some background by introducing basic issues faced by undocumented immigrants in the U.S. workforce and by outlining the legal landscape pertinent to the Hoffman decision and subsequent case law. By examining memoranda and announcements from federal agencies that enforce the labor and employment laws at issue in Hoffman, Part III analyzes how lower courts and agencies have interpreted Hoffman. Part III also outlines subsequent cases, identifying principles and themes they have generated. Part IV explains why courts should continue to limit Hoffman to its facts and why the Court should overturn the case or Congress should clarify its intent. A summary and concluding remarks are presented in Part V

PERLINDUNGAN HAM BURUH MIGRAN TAK BERDOKUMEN BERDASARKAN HUKUM PERDAGANGAN DAN HUKUM HAM INTERNASIONAL

Undocumented migran worker violate immigration rule and potentially give damage toward host state. However many persons exploited them, get advantages from illegal status of the worker. Two problems in this research are how does international law protect undocumented migrant worker and what solutions offer to host state to solve undocumented migran worker matter. This thesis employs normative method of research with qualitative analysis. The result of this thesis reveals international law protect undocumented worker without discrimination. Preventive action will be better conducted by host state than enforcementKeywords: undocumented migran worker, illegal, non discriminatio

Agent-based modelling of complex systems in political science: Social norms and tolerance in immigrant societies

Migration is a political issue that has received more attention in recent years. Many questions remain as to how Western societies can successfully absorb migrants- economic arguments have largely been in favour of migration, but the social impact of diversity in previously homogeneous societies has been subject to ongoing debates in social science. Migrant societies are complex social systems with many interacting moving parts. How do rapid migration-changes in society affect the hosts? How do norms of tolerance towards minorities hold up when intergroup con icts emerge? Can segregating behaviour of different population groups be reduced by encouraging different settlement locations for new migrants? The questions address both the physical aspect of migrants entering an already populated space, and the social dimension in which the hosts are adapting their attitudes. I develop a Schelling model using Agent-based modelling to address these questions. I introduce the concept of external migration into an existing society and test how, by varying the kind of migration, introducing diversity affects local tolerance. In the second chapter, I show that large-scale migration results in short-term shocks to the populace, but that these effects are heavily dependent on the population density and how large the native majority is. In Chapter 3 I implement a version of the `contact hypothesis' which stipulates that contact with out-group members increases tolerance and I show that the adaptability increases the importance of native majorities further. In the fourth chapter, I move on to the social norms of tolerance, introducing an ABM in which agents can deceive others by signalling false information about their true attitudes. I show that the emergent pattern of these behaviours can lead to a false consensus effect in which the perceived majority public opinion is unstable. The thesis is able to generate societies that bear many similarities with the Western countries of today and can suggest explanations for the mechanisms that lead to changes in public opinion more negative towards migration, as well as reasons for growing separation of different population groups