Effects of the bioregulators ACC, 6-BA, ABA and NAA as thinning agents to Gala apples

Gala apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) trees are prone to heavy cropping but respond to chemical fruitlet thinners to reduce crop load and improve fruit quality. Environmental concerns over the fate of the chemical fruitlet thinner carbaryl is widely acknowledged, but crop load management options are limited. In southern Ontario, Gala trees were treated with new thinning compounds or combinations to determine post-bloom thinning efficacy and resulting fruit quality. Treatments included 6-benzyladenine (6-BA) combined with naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) or abscisic acid (ABA), and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) alone applied at 9 mm in 2014 and 17 mm in 2015. The treatment NAA + 6-BA produced unacceptably small “pygmy” fruit when applied at 17 mm fruitlet diameter. ABA at 150 and 300 mg L−1 and ACC at 150 mg L−1, when applied at 17 mm fruitlet diameter, resulted in acceptable fruit set, crop load, and quality results in comparison with the carbaryl thinner in 1 yr. The bioregulators ACC and ABA combined with 6-BA showed commercial potential for thinning Gala fruit but require further evaluation.The accepted manuscript in pdf format is listed with the files at the bottom of this page. The presentation of the authors' names and (or) special characters in the title of the manuscript may differ slightly between what is listed on this page and what is listed in the pdf file of the accepted manuscript; that in the pdf file of the accepted manuscript is what was submitted by the author

Elementary School Teachers’ Self-Assessment of Use of Positive Behavior Support Strategies and Goal Setting Related to Equity-Focused Features

The goal of the Maximize Program is to collaborate with educators to develop resources and procedures to facilitate teachers’ use of equity-focused behavioral supports. In this study, we describe teachers’ responses to the first iteration of the interactive Maximize Technology Platform. Ninety elementary school teachers from three schools were encouraged to use the platform to learn about the foundational concept of equity literacy, complete a self-assessment of practices, and set a goal for improvement. We observed teachers’ platform use, self-reported use of 10 behavior support strategies, goals set for improving equity-focused features of these strategies, and reported progress during the first quarter of the academic year. Over 70% of teachers reported frequent use of four strategies: Classroom Expectations, Praise, Greetings, and Community Circles. Fewer teachers reported using Student Choice, Effective Questioning, and Corrective Feedback. Variations in use between general education and other teachers were observed. Over 60% of teachers set an equity-focused goal. Variability in the types of goals set and rates of reported improvement highlight the complexity of this work. Results offer promise about the use of interactive technology to facilitate professional learning and goal-setting about equity initiatives and offer insights for leveraging interactive technology to facilitate teachers’ implementation of equity-focused practices

Quantification of the Host Response Proteome after Mammalian Reovirus T1L Infection

<div><p>All viruses are dependent upon host cells for replication. Infection can induce profound changes within cells, including apoptosis, morphological changes, and activation of signaling pathways. Many of these alterations have been analyzed by gene arrays to measure the cellular “transcriptome.” We used SILAC (stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture), combined with high-throughput 2-D HPLC/mass spectrometry, to determine relative quantitative differences in host proteins at 6 and 24 hours after infecting HEK293 cells with reovirus serotype 1 Lang (T1L). 3,076 host proteins were detected at 6hpi, of which 132 and 68 proteins were significantly up or down regulated, respectively. 2,992 cellular proteins, of which 104 and 49 were up or down regulated, respectively, were identified at 24hpi. IPA and DAVID analyses indicated proteins involved in cell death, cell growth factors, oxygen transport, cell structure organization and inflammatory defense response to virus were up-regulated, whereas proteins involved in apoptosis, isomerase activity, and metabolism were down-regulated. These proteins and pathways may be suitable targets for intervention to either attenuate virus infection or enhance oncolytic potential.</p> </div

Quantitative Proteomic Analyses of Influenza Virus-Infected Cultured Human Lung Cells ▿ †

Because they are obligate intracellular parasites, all viruses are exclusively and intimately dependent upon host cells for replication. Viruses, in turn, induce profound changes within cells, including apoptosis, morphological changes, and activation of signaling pathways. Many of these alterations have been analyzed by gene arrays, which measure the cellular “transcriptome.” Until recently, it has not been possible to extend comparable types of studies to globally examine all the host cellular proteins, which are the actual effector molecules. We have used stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture (SILAC), combined with high-throughput two-dimensional (2-D) high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)/mass spectrometry, to determine quantitative differences in host proteins after infection of human lung A549 cells with human influenza virus A/PR/8/34 (H1N1) for 24 h. Of the 4,689 identified and measured cytosolic protein pairs, 127 were significantly upregulated at >95% confidence, 153 were significantly downregulated at >95% confidence, and a total of 87 proteins were upregulated or downregulated more than 5-fold at >99% confidence. Gene ontology and pathway analyses indicated differentially regulated proteins and included those involved in host cell immunity and antigen presentation, cell adhesion, metabolism, protein function, signal transduction, and transcription pathways

Kinetics of reovirus growth and viral-induced cytopathology.

<p>Each of five different cell lines (L929, A549, HEK293, CaCo₂ and Hela) were infected at MOI  = 1 PFU/cell with T1L (a) or T3D (b). Cell lysates were harvested at 0, 24, 48 and 72hpi and titrated. Experiments were performed in triplicate; error bars represent standard error. Virus titers were greatest in the L929 and HEK293 cells for both virus strains. HEK293 (c) and L929 (d) cells were then re-analyzed as in (a) and (b) after infection at MOI  = 5 and at additional time points. Aliquots of the infections in (c) and (d) were also assessed for cell viability by trypan blue exclusion (e and f, respectively), with 100 μg/ml puromycin used as a positive cell killing control. Experiments were performed in duplicate; error bars represent standard error.</p

HEK293 proteins increased >95% confidence^a.

a<p>Protein is included if at least half of the biologic z-score values are ≥1.960σ (indicated by bolding) and there are no major disagreements between biological replicates.</p>b<p>L/H ratio refers to the geometric mean of all log₂ L/H values for each given gi number, expressed as relative protein quantity in infected cultures.</p