Small scale structure of the Milky Way's stellar orbit distribution

The exact processes behind the formation and evolution of galaxies are interesting puzzles in modern astrophysics. Our Galaxy offers us the unique opportunity to be studied in detail, as we can obtain the 3D positions, 3D velocities and also the chemical information on a star-by-star basis. Different Galactic surveys have advanced in the effort of studying the Milky Way. The Gaia mission in particular provides the full 6D stellar position-velocity phase-space measurements for millions of its stars. By combining Gaia with chemical information from spectroscopic surveys, we can obtain a detailed physical picture of our Galaxy. In this thesis, we set out to investigate the stellar orbit distribution of the Milky Way, while also adding their chemical information ([Fe/H]) in a chemical tagging generalization approach. We first make use of the spectroscopic information from LAMOST, in combination with parallaxes and proper motions from Gaia. We develop a method to obtain improved spectrophotometric distances (with errors less than 6%) for 150 000 main sequence stars. With more precise distances at hand, we investigate the small-scale structure in the orbit distribution of the Galactic disc for ∼ 600 000 main sequence stars in LAMOST × Gaia. Most stars disperse from their birth sites and siblings, in orbit and orbital phase, becoming ‘field stars’. We explore and provide direct observational evidence for this process in the Milky Way disc, by quantifying the probability that orbit similarity among stars implies indistinguishable metallicity. We define the orbit similarity among pairs of stars through their distance in action-angle space ∆(J, θ) and their abundance similarity by ∆[Fe/H]. By grouping such star pairs into associations with a friend-of-friends algorithm linked by ∆(J,θ), we find that hundreds of mono-abundance groups –some clusters, some spread across the sky– are over an order-of-magnitude more abundant than expected for a smooth phase-space distribution, suggesting that we are witnessing the ‘dissolution’ of stellar birth associations into the field. We finally explore a significantly larger sample of 6.2 million stars with radial velocities in Gaia, which is not limited to main sequence stars. Although this sample does not have [Fe/H] information, we are able to recover the same major groups found in the previous sample in both action and angle space. Moreover, we are able to identify other known associations by simple inspection, opening up the possibility for this method to be applied to further characterize dissolving associations across the Galaxy

Incidencia de padres y madres adolescentes en la primera infancia a partir de la consolidación del proyecto de vida.

Determinar la incidencia de padres y madres adolescentes en el desarrollo integral de sus hijos durante la primera infancia, a partir de la consolidación de su proyecto de vida, en la localidad de Bosa UPZ 86 porvenir.Este proyecto se presenta como una propuesta de investigación descriptiva con un enfoque cualitativo para determinar la incidencia de padres y madres adolescentes en el desarrollo integral de la primera infancia a partir de la consolidación de su proyecto de vida en la localidad de Bosa UPZ 86 Porvenir. El tema de la investigación es relevante frente a la labor como docentes, ya que el elevado número de jóvenes adolescentes que son padres influyen directamente en el desarrollo integral de los niños y niñas, puesto que se evidencia la falta de elementos que les permiten desarrollar un proyecto de vida, y a la vez establecer pautas de crianza claras que les ayuden a formar sus hijos. Teniendo en cuenta que “al año nacen cerca de 159.000 bebes de madres adolescentes, el ICBF alerto sobre esta situación y pidió esfuerzos conjuntos para trabajar en la prevención”.This project reports a descriptive qualitative research proposal to determine the incidence of teenager parents in the comprehensive development of first infancy from their life project consolidation in Bosa UPZ 86 Porvenir locality. The results show that teenager parent can confuse life project with short time goals; to prevent teenagers pregnancy is not sufficient to offer them information about contraceptive methods when they are parents then tend to repeat raising patterns that influent directly in the harmonic children development. Taking into account the information obtained during the research process, a Web page is going to be design as a tool that gather and spread clear, practical resources to guide the adolescent

Clonal chromosomal mosaicism and loss of chromosome Y in elderly men increase vulnerability for SARS-CoV-2

The pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19) had an estimated overall case fatality ratio of 1.38% (pre-vaccination), being 53% higher in males and increasing exponentially with age. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, we found 133 cases (1.42%) with detectable clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations (mCA) and 226 males (5.08%) with acquired loss of chromosome Y (LOY). Individuals with clonal mosaic events (mCA and/or LOY) showed a 54% increase in the risk of COVID-19 lethality. LOY is associated with transcriptomic biomarkers of immune dysfunction, pro-coagulation activity and cardiovascular risk. Interferon-induced genes involved in the initial immune response to SARS-CoV-2 are also down-regulated in LOY. Thus, mCA and LOY underlie at least part of the sex-biased severity and mortality of COVID-19 in aging patients. Given its potential therapeutic and prognostic relevance, evaluation of clonal mosaicism should be implemented as biomarker of COVID-19 severity in elderly people. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, individuals with clonal mosaic events (clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations and/or loss of chromosome Y) showed an increased risk of COVID-19 lethality