14 research outputs found
EurĂłpai RĂĄkellenes KĂłdex: 12 lehetĆsĂ©g, hogy csökkentse a rĂĄk kialakulĂĄsĂĄnak kockĂĄzatĂĄt
Absztrakt
A WHO Nemzetközi RĂĄkkutatĂĄsi ĂgynöksĂ©ge a közelmĂșltban adta közre az EurĂłpai
RĂĄkellenes KĂłdex negyedik, ĂĄtdolgozott kiadĂĄsĂĄt. Ebben a rosszindulatĂș daganatos
betegsĂ©gek elĆfordulĂĄsĂĄnak mĂ©rsĂ©klĂ©sĂ©re szolgĂĄlĂł, szemĂ©lyre szĂłlĂł tanĂĄcsokat 12
pontban foglalja össze. A tanåcsok egy része a daganatkeletkezésben
bizonyĂtottan szerephez jutĂł, többsĂ©gĂŒkben a mindennapi Ă©letmĂłddal összefĂŒggĆ
kockĂĄzati tĂ©nyezĆk kivĂ©dĂ©sĂ©re szolgĂĄl, mĂĄs rĂ©sze pedig az egĂ©szsĂ©gĂŒgyi
ellĂĄtĂłrendszer ĂĄltal nyĂșjtott szolgĂĄltatĂĄsok elfogadĂĄsĂĄra buzdĂt. A szerzĆk Ășgy
vélik, a Råkellenes Kódex hazånkban ez ideig nem kapott érdeme szerinti
nyilvĂĄnossĂĄgot az egĂ©szsĂ©gĂŒgyi szolgĂĄltatĂłk körĂ©ben. Minthogy az idĆ elĆtti
halĂĄlozĂĄsĂ©rt legnagyobb mĂ©rtĂ©kben okolhatĂł nem fertĆzĆ idĂŒlt betegsĂ©gek nagy
hĂĄnyadĂĄnak kialakulĂĄsĂĄban közös kockĂĄzati tĂ©nyezĆk is rĂ©szt
vesznek, a kódex tanåcsai egyszerre szolgåljåk a keringési rendszer
betegsĂ©geinek Ă©s a daganatos betegsĂ©gek megelĆzĂ©sĂ©nek ĂŒgyĂ©t. Orv. Hetil., 2016,
157(12), 451â460
A vastag- Ă©s vĂ©gbĂ©ldaganatok szƱrĂ©sĂ©nek vitatott kĂ©rdĂ©sei: klinikai Ă©s nĂ©pegĂ©szsĂ©gĂŒgyi nĂ©zĆpontok ĂŒtközĂ©se = Controversial issues in colorectal screening in Hungary
MagyarorszĂĄgon a vastag- Ă©s vĂ©gbĂ©lrĂĄkbĂłl szĂĄrmazĂł halĂĄlozĂĄs drĂĄmaian magas, Ă©s nĂ©pegĂ©szsĂ©gĂŒgyi mĂ©retƱ beavatkozĂĄst sĂŒrget, ezĂ©rt a halĂĄlozĂĄs mĂ©rsĂ©klĂ©se a nĂ©pegĂ©szsĂ©gĂŒgyi lakossĂĄgszƱrĂ©s rĂ©vĂ©n kiemelt helyet foglal el a Nemzeti NĂ©pegĂ©szsĂ©gĂŒgyi Program cĂ©lkitƱzĂ©sei között. A szerzĆk modelltanulmĂĄnyokban szƱrĆvizsgĂĄlati mĂłdszerkĂ©nt a szĂ©kletbeli rejtett vĂ©r humĂĄn specifikus laboratĂłriumi kimutatĂĄsĂĄt alkalmaztĂĄk, ĂĄtlagosan 32%-os lakossĂĄgi rĂ©szvĂ©tellel. A vastag- Ă©s vĂ©gbĂ©ldaganatok szƱrĂ©sĂ©re vonatkozĂł cĂ©lok azonban nem teljesĂŒltek. Ennek oka â egyĂ©b akadĂĄlyozĂł tĂ©nyezĆk mellett â egy, a szakmĂĄt megosztĂł vitĂĄban keresendĆ, amely a szƱrĂ©s mĂłdszertanĂĄt Ă©s stratĂ©giĂĄjĂĄt Ă©rinti. A közlemĂ©ny kritikusan tĂĄrgyalja a vitatott kĂ©rdĂ©seket azzal a meggyĆzĆdĂ©ssel, hogy a vastag- Ă©s vĂ©gbĂ©lrĂĄk magyarorszĂĄgi epidemiolĂłgiai helyzete a mortalitĂĄs mĂ©rsĂ©klĂ©sĂ©nek ez idĆ szerint legĂgĂ©retesebb stratĂ©giĂĄjĂĄnak, a lakossĂĄgi szƱrĂ©snek a folytatĂĄsĂĄt sĂŒrgeti. Orv. Hetil., 2011, 152, 1223â1232.
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In Hungary, mortality rates from colorectal cancer are dramatically high, therefore the reduction by population screening as a public health measure is considered as one of the priorities of National Public Health Program. In the beginning, a human-specific immunological test was applied in the âmodel programsâ, as a screening tool, to detect the occult blood in the stool; compliance was 32% in average. However, the objectives of the model programs have not been achieved, because â among other reasons â a debate on method to choice and the strategy to follow have divided the professional public opinion. In this study the debated issues are critically discussed, being convinced that â at present â population screening seems to be the most promising way to alleviate the burden of colorectal cancer. Orv. Hetil., 2011, 152, 1223â1232
EurĂłpai RĂĄkellenes KĂłdex: 12 lehetĆsĂ©g, hogy csökkentse a rĂĄk kialakulĂĄsĂĄnak kockĂĄzatĂĄt
NĆgyĂłgyĂĄszati rĂĄkszƱrĂ©s vagy mĂ©hnyakszƱrĂ©s? : Klinikai Ă©s nĂ©pegĂ©szsĂ©gĂŒgyi nĂ©zĆpontok ĂŒtközĂ©se = Gynecological Screening or Cervical Screening? : Conflicts Between Clinical and Public Health Viewpoints
A ânĆgyĂłgyĂĄszati szƱrĂ©sâ â a nĆgyĂłgyĂĄszati gyakorlat, majd kĂ©sĆbb a nĆgyĂłgyĂĄszati protokoll szerint is â klinikai nĆgyĂłgyĂĄszati vizsgĂĄlatot jelent, kiegĂ©szĂtve kolposzkĂłpos vizsgĂĄlattal, valamint kenetvĂ©tellel sejtvizsgĂĄlat cĂ©ljĂĄra. Ez a gyakorlat az elmĂșlt Ă©vtizedek sorĂĄn rögzĂŒlt a köztudatban. Ezzel szemben bizonyĂtĂ©kok csak a sejtvizsgĂĄlaton alapulĂł szƱrĂ©s hatĂĄsossĂĄgĂĄt tĂĄmasztjĂĄk alĂĄ. A âhagyomĂĄnyosâ nĆgyĂłgyĂĄszati gyakorlat a bizonyĂtottan hatĂĄsos sejtvizsgĂĄlathoz szĂŒksĂ©ges kenetvĂ©telt szakorvosi vizsgĂĄlathoz köti, ezĂĄltal a nĂ©pegĂ©szsĂ©gĂŒgyi lakossĂĄgszƱrĂ©st ellehetetlenĂti. A mĂ©hnyakszƱrĂ©s mĂłdszertanĂĄt a hatĂĄlyos nemzetközi nĂ©pegĂ©szsĂ©gĂŒgyi gyakorlathoz igazĂtandĂł, a szerzĆk âszakdolgozĂłi szƱrĂ©sâ-t kezdemĂ©nyeztek, amelyben a mĂ©hnyakszƱrĂ©s csak citolĂłgiai vizsgĂĄlatra korlĂĄtozĂłdik, a kenetet megfelelĆen kĂ©pzett vĂ©dĆnĆk veszik, Ă©s a citolĂłgiai lelet eredmĂ©nyĂ©tĆl fĂŒggĆen a vĂ©dĆnĆ nĆgyĂłgyĂĄszati szakrendelĂ©sre irĂĄnyĂtja a rĂĄszorulĂłkat.
The âgynecological screeningâ that is composed of complex gynecological examination including colposcopy and cytological examinations has traditionally been incorporated into the gynecological protocol and practice. Over the past few decades, unfortunately, this screening practice has entrenched in the mind both of the gynecological community and the general public. As a result, the government-supported, organized cervical screening program of the population has come to a standstill. In order to adjust the cervical screening practice to the international public health recommendations in which cytology is the only screening test applied, the authors decided to involve primary care nurses and health visitors in smear taking, and to refer those with abnormal findings to a gynecologist for further clinical examination
SzƱrĆvizsgĂĄlatok a tĂŒdĆrĂĄk korai felismerĂ©sĂ©re: a klinikai Ă©s nĂ©pegĂ©szsĂ©gĂŒgyi nĂ©zĆpontok ĂŒtközĂ©se = Screening for early detection of lung cancer: Conflict between clinical and public health points of view
MagyarorszĂĄgon a tĂŒdĆrĂĄk a vezetĆ daganatos halĂĄlok, amely a nĆk között mind gyakoribb. A hagyomĂĄnyosan mellkasi röntgenvizsgĂĄlaton Ă©s a köpet citolĂłgiai vizsgĂĄlatĂĄn alapulĂł szƱrĆvizsgĂĄlata a szakma mai ĂĄllĂĄsa szerint nem ajĂĄnlott, mert a szƱrĆvizsgĂĄlat nem csökkenti a tĂŒdĆrĂĄkbĂłl eredĆ halĂĄlozĂĄst. Az alacsony dĂłzisĂș spirĂĄl-komputertomogrĂĄfia (LDCT) ĂgĂ©retes, mert Ă©rzĂ©kenyen mutatja ki a tĂŒdĆbeli aprĂł gĂłcokat, a mĂłdszer azonban nem fajlagos. A folyamatban lĂ©vĆ randomizĂĄlt, ellenĆrzött tanulmĂĄnyoktĂłl (RTC) Ă©vek mĂșlva vĂĄrhatĂł eredmĂ©ny, addig tömeges vizsgĂĄlatokra nem ajĂĄnlhatĂł. HazĂĄnkban a tĂŒdĆrĂĄkok mintegy harmadĂĄt ernyĆkĂ©p-szƱrĆvizsgĂĄlat alkalmĂĄval fedezik fel, többsĂ©gĂŒket mĂ©g operĂĄlhatĂł ĂĄllapotban, ez azonban a nĂ©pessĂ©gbeli halĂĄlozĂĄst nem befolyĂĄsolja. A szerzĆk ĂĄllĂĄspontja szerint a rosszindulatĂș tĂŒdĆdaganatok felismerĂ©se â kĂŒlönösen a magasan veszĂ©lyeztetett 40 Ă©ven felĂŒli dohĂĄnyzĂł fĂ©rfiak esetĂ©ben â a tuberkulĂłzis lekĂŒzdĂ©sĂ©re lĂ©trehozott ernyĆkĂ©p-szƱrĆrendszer hasznos mellĂ©ktermĂ©ke lehet, nĂ©pegĂ©szsĂ©gĂŒgyi szƱrĆtevĂ©kenysĂ©get kezdemĂ©nyezni azonban nem indokolt. Jelenleg a tĂŒdĆrĂĄk-epidĂ©mia megfĂ©kezĂ©sĂ©re hathatĂłs dohĂĄnyzĂĄsellenes intĂ©zkedĂ©sek ajĂĄnlhatĂłk.
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In Hungary, lung cancer, gradually increasing among women, is the leading cause of cancer mortality. The screening, using chest x-ray and sputum cytology as screening tool, does not reduce the mortality from lung cancer, therefore, screening for lung cancer is not recommended. The low-dose spiral CT is a sensitive and promising method, however, its specificity is far from being ideal. The results of the on-going RCTs are expected in a few years time, and so far it is not applicable for routine screening. In this country, the one-third of lung cancer cases are detected by the routine chest x-ray for tuberculosis, obligatory by law, and most of the detected cases are still resectable, but this does not have any influence on the mortality. According to our view, the detection of the lung cancer, particularly in those at high risk, is a by-product of periodic chest x-ray aiming at early detection of tuberculosis, however, mass screening for lung cancer as public health measure is not recommended. For the time being, the implementation of tobacco control measures is the only way to reduce the risk of lung cancer in the long run
A råkellenes méhnyakszƱrés helyzete Európåban | Implementation status of cervical screening in Europe
Az EurĂłpai UniĂł TanĂĄcsĂĄnak ajĂĄnlĂĄsa nyomĂĄn csaknem minden orszĂĄgban szĂŒletett kormĂĄnyzati szĂĄndĂ©knyilatkozat a citolĂłgiai vizsgĂĄlatot alkalmazĂł mĂ©hnyakszƱrĂ©s bevezetĂ©sĂ©rĆl, a vĂ©grehajtĂĄsban azonban jelentĆs kĂŒlönbsĂ©gek vannak. A fejlett orszĂĄgok többsĂ©ge a nemzetközi szakmai szervezetek ĂĄltal ajĂĄnlott szervezett szƱrĂ©si modellt orszĂĄgosan alkalmazza. NĂ©mely orszĂĄgban az alkalomszerƱ szƱrĂ©st vĂ©gzik. A szƱrĂ©si stratĂ©gia (Ă©letkor, szƱrĂ©sek közötti intervallum), valamint a cĂ©llakossĂĄg lefedettsĂ©ge Ă©s a rĂ©szvĂ©tel mutatĂłi orszĂĄgonkĂ©nt vĂĄltozĂłak. SzĂĄmos kesvĂ©sbĂ© fejlett kelet-közĂ©p- Ă©s dĂ©l-eurĂłpai osrszĂĄgban a szƱrĆtevĂ©kenysĂ©g a tervezĂ©s szakaszĂĄban van. MagyarorszĂĄgon az ĂĄtmenet a hagyomĂĄnyos ânĆgyĂłgyĂĄszati rĂĄkszƱrĂ©sbĆlâ az ajĂĄnlott szervezett mĂ©hnyakszƱrĂ©sbe folyamatos. A vĂ©dĆnĆk bevonĂĄsĂĄtĂłl tovĂĄbbi javulĂĄs vĂĄrhatĂł. Orv. Hetil., 2014, 155(50), 1975â1988.
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Following the recommendation of the Council of the European Union, almost all governments made a policy statement on the introduction of cytology-based cervical screening for the health care system. However, the status of implementation is uneven. In the majority of the developed countries an organised model of screening recommended by the relevant international professional organisations are in use, while occasional screening is applied in some other countries. Screening strategies (i.e. age range, screening intervals), coverage of the target population, and compliance rates vary significantly. The screening activities are in a planning phase is some less developed Central-Eastern and South European countries. In Hungary, the transition from the traditional âgynaecological cancer screeningâ into the recommended organised cervical screening is in progress; the active involvement of the district health visitors in the cervical screening would provide further improvement. Orv. Hetil., 2014, 155(50), 1975â1988
VastagbĂ©lszƱrĂ©s: a lakossĂĄgi rĂ©szvĂ©telt befolyĂĄsolĂł tĂ©nyezĆk | Factors influencing participation in colorectal screening
A vastagbĂ©lszƱrĂ©sben a lakossĂĄgi rĂ©szvĂ©tel alatta marad a kĂvĂĄnatosnak. A rĂ©szvĂ©telt a demogrĂĄfiai Ă©s tĂĄrsadalmi-gazdasĂĄgi tĂ©nyezĆk, valamint a szƱrĂ©st szolgĂĄltatĂł egĂ©szsĂ©gĂŒgyi ellĂĄtĂłrendszer mellett a szƱrĂ©sre meghĂvottak szƱrĂ©si magatartĂĄsa befolyĂĄsolja, amelyet lĂ©lektani, kognitĂv Ă©s magatartĂĄs-tudomĂĄnyi tĂ©nyezĆk hatĂĄroznak meg. A rĂ©szvĂ©tel cĂ©lszerƱ intervenciĂłs stratĂ©giĂĄval kedvezĆen befolyĂĄsolhatĂł. Orv. Hetil., 2014, 155(27), 1051â1056.
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Participation of the target population in coloretal screening is generally low. In addition to demographic and socio-economic factors, the health care system and- in particular â family doctors play an important role. Further, the rate of participation is influenced by psychological, cognitive and behavioural factors, too. The paper analyses factors related to colorectal screening behaviour and potential interventions designed to screening uptake. Orv. Hetil., 2014, 155(27), 1051â1056
Indokolt-e a nĂ©pegĂ©szsĂ©gĂŒgyi prosztataszƱrĂ©s? = Is the organised screening of prostate cancer reasonable?
A prosztatarĂĄk MagyarorszĂĄgon is jelentĆs nĂ©pegĂ©szsĂ©gĂŒgyi problĂ©ma, ezĂ©rt a halĂĄlozĂĄs mĂ©rsĂ©klĂ©se cĂ©ljĂĄbĂłl szƱrĆvizsgĂĄlata indokolt lenne. SzƱrĆvizsgĂĄlati mĂłdszerek, Ășgymint a prosztataspecifikus antigĂ©n (PSA) kimutatĂĄsa Ă©s a rectalis digitĂĄlis vizsgĂĄlat rendelkezĂ©sre ĂĄllnak, ĂĄm Ă©rzĂ©kenysĂ©gĂŒk, fajlagossĂĄguk, pozitĂv jĂłslĂł Ă©rtĂ©kĂŒk kĂvĂĄnnivalĂłkat hagy maguk utĂĄn. Nem randomizĂĄlt vizsgĂĄlatokbĂłl szĂĄrmazĂł bizonyĂtĂ©kok a szƱrĂ©s lehetsĂ©ges haszna mellett szĂłlnak, azonban randomizĂĄlt, ellenĆrzött vizsgĂĄlatok mĂ©g nem szolgĂĄltattak meggyĆzĆ bizonyĂtĂ©kot. A szƱrĆvizsgĂĄlat â a fajlagossĂĄg korlĂĄtozott volta miatt â tĂșldiagnosztizĂĄlĂĄs Ă©s tĂșlkezelĂ©s rĂ©vĂ©n jelentĆs kĂĄrt is okozhat. A szerzĆk nĂ©pegĂ©szsĂ©gĂŒgyi szempontbĂłl megalapozott ĂĄllĂĄspontja szerint a szƱrĆvizsgĂĄlati mĂłdszerek alkalomszerƱ felhasznĂĄlĂĄsa a szakorvosi diagnosztika keretĂ©ben nem ĂŒtközik akadĂĄlyba, azonban nĂ©pegĂ©szsĂ©gĂŒgyi lakossĂĄgszƱrĂ©s nem kezdhetĆ el mindaddig, amĂg a folyamatban lĂ©vĆ randomizĂĄlt, ellenĆrzött vizsgĂĄlatok meg nem hozzĂĄk a vĂĄrt bizonyĂtĂ©kokat.
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In Hungary, prostate cancer is a major public health problem, therefore screening should be considered to reduce the number of deaths. Screening tests are available, i.e. prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and digital-rectal examination, nevertheless their sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive value are far from being perfect. Evidences from non-randomized screening trials suggest possible benefit but randomized controlled trials are still indebted for conclusive evidence. The screening might cause more harm than good due to overdiagnosis and overtreatment as a result of limited specificity of the test. According to authorsâ point of view, opportunistic screening as part of diagnostics of patients having symptoms indicative of prostatic disorder is fully justified but mass screening of population of average risk should not be introduced until supportive evidence is available from the ongoing randomized-controlled screening trials
SzĂĄjĂŒregi szƱrĆvizsgĂĄlatok: tervek az alkalomszerƱ szƱrĂ©s kiterjesztĂ©sĂ©re MagyarorszĂĄgon = Oral cancer screening: how to develop a country-wide opportunistic system in Hungary
MagyarorszĂĄgon a szĂĄjĂŒreg rosszindulatĂș daganatai sĂșlyos nĂ©pegĂ©szsĂ©gĂŒgyi problĂ©mĂĄt jelentenek. JĂłllehet korai felismerĂ©sĂŒkre irĂĄnyulĂł szervezett szƱrĆvizsgĂĄlatok hatĂĄsossĂĄgĂĄra epidemiolĂłgiai bizonyĂtĂ©kkal nem rendelkezĂŒnk, tekintettel e betegsĂ©g nĂ©pegĂ©szsĂ©gĂŒgyi sĂșlyĂĄra, a Nemzeti NĂ©pegĂ©szsĂ©gĂŒgyi Program lakossĂĄgszƱrĂ©si komponense keretĂ©ben folytatni kell a szĂĄjĂŒregi rĂĄk elĆtti ĂĄllapotok Ă©s korai daganatok felismerĂ©sĂ©re tett erĆfeszĂtĂ©seket. Az egĂ©szsĂ©gĂŒgyi kormĂĄnyzat döntĂ©sĂ©t követĆen az Ă©rintett szakmĂĄk kĂ©pviselĆibĆl munkacsoport jött lĂ©tre, amely javaslatokat dolgozott ki egy, az orszĂĄgot lefedĆ, a veszĂ©lyeztetett szemĂ©lyeket rendszeresen vizsgĂĄlĂł alkalomszerƱ szƱrĆvizsgĂĄlati rendszer lĂ©trehozĂĄsĂĄra. A fogorvosok mellett a hĂĄziorvosi Ă©s foglalkozĂĄs-egĂ©szsĂ©gĂŒgyi szolgĂĄlat jelentĆsen hozzĂĄjĂĄrulhat a szĂĄjĂŒregi rĂĄk okozta halĂĄlozĂĄs kĂvĂĄnt mĂ©rsĂ©klĂ©sĂ©hez.
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In Hungary, the oral cancer represents a very heavy public health problem. Even epidemiological evidence in support of the effectiveness of organized screening for early detection does not exist, the efforts to detect the precancerous lesions and early cancers of oral cavity must be continued. The mass screening component of the National Public Health program provides a good opportunity for that. Following the Government decision, a multidisciplinary Working Group has been brought together, and a proposal made to develop a country-wide opportunistic system to regularly examine those at high risk for oral cancer. In addition to the dentists, the primary care personnel as well as the occupational health service have a lot to offer to the desired effect: reduction of mortality from oral cancer
A szƱrĂ©s nemkĂvĂĄnatos lĂ©lektani mellĂ©khatĂĄsai = The undesirable psychological adverse effects of screening
A szƱrĆvizsgĂĄlat elutasĂtĂĄsĂĄnak okai között szerepelnek a szƱrĂ©s nemkĂvĂĄnatos lĂ©lektani mellĂ©khatĂĄsai. Ennek lehetsĂ©ges
okai hĂĄrom csoportba sorolhatĂłk: 1. ĂltalĂĄnos okok, mint pĂ©ldĂĄul az egĂ©szsĂ©gĂŒgyi szolgĂĄltatĂĄsok igĂ©nybevĂ©telĂ©t meghatĂĄrozĂł emberi magatartĂĄs. KĂŒlönösen azoknak a szolgĂĄltatĂĄsoknak az elutasĂtĂĄsa gyakori, amelyek nem a jelenben is kĂnzĂł tĂŒnetek Ă©s panaszok orvoslĂĄsĂĄt cĂ©lozzĂĄk, hanem a jövĆben majd esetleg fellĂ©pĆ betegsĂ©gek megelĆzĂ©sĂ©t szolgĂĄljĂĄk; ilyen âjövĂŽre irĂĄnyulĂłâ szolgĂĄltatĂĄs a szƱrĆvizsgĂĄlat is. 2. A rĂĄkbetegsĂ©gnek a közfelfogĂĄsban rögzĂŒlt negatĂv kĂ©pe Ă©s a gyĂłgyĂthatĂłsĂĄgĂĄt illetĆ kĂ©telyek. SzĂłba jönnek tovĂĄbbĂĄ 3. a szƱrĆvizsgĂĄlat szubjektĂv megtapasztalĂĄsĂĄval közvetlenĂŒl összefĂŒggĆ okok. A szolgĂĄltatĂłknak törekedniĂŒk kell az okok kikĂŒszöbölĂ©sĂ©re: a) a kĂŒlönbözĆ korĂș, tĂĄrsadalmi helyzetƱ Ă©s mƱveltsĂ©gi szintƱ rĂ©tegekhez szĂłlĂł egĂ©szsĂ©gnevelĂ©s feladata, hogy kialakĂtsa a betegsĂ©gmegelĆzĂ©s szĂŒksĂ©gessĂ©gĂ©t elfogadĂł magatartĂĄst, Ă©s vĂĄltoztasson az embereknek a rĂĄkkal szemben eltĂșlzottan negatĂv, a veresĂ©get elĆre elkönyvelĆ szemlĂ©letĂ©n; b) a szƱrĆvizsgĂĄlatot szolgĂĄltatĂł szakemberek kötelessĂ©ge, hogy minden tĆlĂŒk telhetĆt megtegyenek a szƱrĆvizsgĂĄlattĂłl visszatartĂł tĂ©nyezĆk mĂ©rsĂ©klĂ©se Ă©rdekĂ©ben. Ennek mĂłdja a jĂł munkaszervezĂ©s Ă©s a szakmai munka minĆsĂ©gĂ©nek optimalizĂĄlĂĄsa, valamint a jĂł kommunikĂĄciĂł: a szƱrĆvizsgĂĄlat elĆtti, alatti Ă©s utĂĄni felvilĂĄgosĂtĂĄs, informĂĄciĂłszolgĂĄltatĂĄs Ă©s tanĂĄcsadĂĄs.
The psychological adverse effects might play an important role in the non-compliance with the offered screening examination. The possible sources of them are three-fold: 1. The general human attitude, such as the rejection of health interventions, particularly those aiming at the prevention of eventual future health problems instead of handling existing complaints and symptoms at present; the screening can be seen as a âfuture-orientedâ intervention. 2. The cultural image of cancer and the disbelief of its curability. 3. The subjective experiences in relation to the screening process. The providers have to do their best to eliminate these causes: by means of a) health education addressing people of various ages, social classes and cultural levels, promoting the understanding of the importance of disease prevention, and, changing their negative, defetist attitude towards cancer; b) minimizing the psychological adverse effects of all kinds. This can be done by proper organisation of the screening process; optimizing the quality of work, and, provision of good quality of information and advices to the screenees before, during and after the screening