O conflito entre o governo neoliberal de Alan García e os indígenas peruanos

Buscamos neste trabalho entender os principais fatores que desencadearam o conflito entre os indígenas peruanos e o governo de Alan García, assim como tentamos analisar os posicionamentos das principais partes envolvidas e os seus interesses. Para isso, foi fundamental não nos prendermos à escala local (do conflito), mas contextualizar/relacionar esse fato a uma dinâmica maior, como parte de um processo em desenvolvimento (capitalismo neoliberal) em escala mundial. Neste sentido, o conflito que envolve a apropriação dos recursos na Amazônia peruana e também brasileira é reflexo de uma expansão do capitalismo neoliberal que tem na mercantilização da natureza um dos seus principais vetores.This work aims at understanding the main factors that triggered the conflict between the Indian and Peruvian government of Alan Garcia, as we try to analyze the positions of major stakeholders and their interests. Therefore, it was important not to dwell on a local scale (the conflict), but in context / relate this idea to a greater dynamic as part of an ongoing process (neoliberal capitalism) worldwide. In this sense, the conflict involving the appropriation of resources in the Peruvian Amazon and Brazil also reflects an expansion of neoliberal capitalism that is in nature a marketization of its main vector

A Critical Review of Phenolic Compounds Extracted from the Bark of Woody Vascular Plants and Their Potential Biological Activity

Polyphenols are one of the largest and most widespread groups of secondary metabolites in the plants world. These compounds are of particular interest due to their occurrence and the properties they possess. The main sources of phenolic compounds are fruits and vegetables, but lately, more and more studies refer to woody vascular plants, especially to bark, as an important source of phenolic compounds with a potential biological effect. This study aims to bring together information on the phenolic compounds present in the bark of woody vascular plants by discussing extraction methods, the chemical composition of the extracts and potential biological effects. The literature data used in this paper were collected via PubMed (2004–2019). Search terms were: bark, rhytidome, woody vascular plant, polyphenols, phenolic compounds, biologic activity, antioxidant, immunostimulatory, antimutagenic, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antitumoral. This paper intends to highlight the fact that the polyphenolic extracts obtained from the bark of woody vascular plants represent sources of bioactive compounds with antioxidant, immunostimulatory, antimutagenic, antibacterial properties, etc. Future research directions should be directed towards identification and isolation of bioactive compounds. Consequently, biologically active compounds obtained from the bark of woody plants could be exploited on an industrial scale

HIGH NATURE VALUE GRASSLANDS FROM ARRHENATHERION ALLIANCE IDENTIFIED IN MUREŞ COUNTY

Arrhenatherion alliance meadows are recognized to be among the best pastures in our country due to high productivity and good nutrition value. The research was conducted in several areas of Mures County. The studied grasslands were classified into two types of Natura 2000 habitats: 6510 Lowland hay meadows (Alopecurus pratensis, Sanguisorba officinalis) and 6520 Mountain hay meadows. The identified phytocoenosis belong to two plant associations: Arrhenatheretum elatioris Br.-Bl. Ex Scherrer 1925 and Poo Trisetetum flavescentis (Knapp 1951) Oberd. 1957. The analysis of data collected in the field reveals that the current state of conservation of the two types of habitat is good and very good. Habitats in a good and very good state of preservation is distinguish by a great floristic composition: approx. 100-150 cormophyte species with good and very good forage value. As habitats are more susceptible to the management applied and any changes to land use can affect habitat quality (eg abandoning  mowing and turning the land into pasture), the ecological functions of this habitat will be satisfied as long as they are mowed after Poaceae species matured

THE DIVERSITY OF MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTS ENCOUNTRED IN NATURA 2000 6520 HABITAT FROM GURGHIU MOUNTAINS

Researches on medicinal plants used in various human disorders are particularly important and timely, as an alternative to medication. The studied semi-natural mountainous grasslands occur in the Gurghiu mountains. Special interest today worldwide for herbal medicine has led us to study the Gurghiu Mountains medicinal plants used in various diseases. In order to identify the taxa we used classical methods, described in the literature and statistical analyze was also carried out. In the study area 2 plant associations rich in medicinal plants were identified. They belong to 6520 Mountain hay meadows habitat

Biological and Chemical Insights of Beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) Bark: A Source of Bioactive Compounds with Functional Properties

The present study aimed, on the one hand, to improve the yield of microwave assisted extraction (MAE) of polyphenols from beech bark by using a design of experiments (DoE) approach. On the other hand, beech bark extracts (BBE) were characterized in terms of their phytochemical profile and evaluated for biological potential (antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, antimutagen, anti-α-glucosidase, and anti-tyrosinase). The extraction time varies with the amount of extracted total phenolic content (TPC). The microwave power favors TPC extraction but in different proportions. The optimum conditions which gave the highest TPC (76.57 mg GAE/g dry plant material) were reached when the microwave power was 300 W, extraction time was 4 min, and the solvent was an ethanol–water (50:50) mixture. The practical value of TPC after a controlled experiment was 76.49 mg GAE/g plant material. The identified compounds were vanillic acid, gallic acid, epicatechin, catechin, protocatechuic acid, chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid, and isoquercitrin. The antioxidant potential of BBEs was demonstrated by in vitro experiments. The BBEs were active against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhimurium, Escherichia coli, and Candida species. All extracts were antimutagenic and expressed an inhibition on α-glucosidase and tyrosinase activity. Regarding antimutagen activity, the assayed extracts may be considered to have low or no antimutagen effects

The Effect of Beech Bark Extract in the Reduction of Discomfort from Acute Pericoronitis

Pericoronitis is characterized by inflammation of the tissues surrounding an erupting tooth and occurs most commonly in lower wisdom teeth. The extent of inflammatory phenomena can significantly affect the patient’s quality of life because of the pain, bleeding, and discomfort caused by it. The treatment of pericoronitis is carried out locally by irrigation and debridement in the early stages, but also generally by antibiotic therapy, when purulent secretion is present under the operculum and in the periodontal area. This study aims to evaluate the effect of beech bark extract (BBE) in the treatment of pericoronitis of the lower third molar. Parameters evaluated were pain, trismus, and bleeding index in a clinic study. Four groups of 20 patients were evaluated and grouped according to the irrigation solution used during the treatment: chlorhexidine 0.2% (CHX), BBE and chlorhexidine mixture solution 0.2% (1:1), and BBE and saline solution (control). The evaluation was carried out before and after the irrigation. Following the assessment of pain and trismus, a significant decrease in pain and a significant increase in mouth opening after 3 days was observed in patients treated with BBE, CHX, and BBE + CHX (p = 0.00). In the case of control patients, no significant decrease in pain (p = 0.83) was observed after 3 days, nor was there a significant increase in the opening of the oral cavity (p = 0.157). The evaluation of the inflammation index showed a significant decrease in gingival bleeding after 3 days for most patients treated with tested solutions (p < 0.05). It was concluded that irrigation with BBE was more effective in reducing pain, trismus, and bleeding compared to the other solutions (control, CHX, BBE + CHX), and this natural extract can be a choice in case of pericoronitis debut

The Effect of Beech Bark Extract in the Reduction of Discomfort from Acute Pericoronitis

Pericoronitis is characterized by inflammation of the tissues surrounding an erupting tooth and occurs most commonly in lower wisdom teeth. The extent of inflammatory phenomena can significantly affect the patient’s quality of life because of the pain, bleeding, and discomfort caused by it. The treatment of pericoronitis is carried out locally by irrigation and debridement in the early stages, but also generally by antibiotic therapy, when purulent secretion is present under the operculum and in the periodontal area. This study aims to evaluate the effect of beech bark extract (BBE) in the treatment of pericoronitis of the lower third molar. Parameters evaluated were pain, trismus, and bleeding index in a clinic study. Four groups of 20 patients were evaluated and grouped according to the irrigation solution used during the treatment: chlorhexidine 0.2% (CHX), BBE and chlorhexidine mixture solution 0.2% (1:1), and BBE and saline solution (control). The evaluation was carried out before and after the irrigation. Following the assessment of pain and trismus, a significant decrease in pain and a significant increase in mouth opening after 3 days was observed in patients treated with BBE, CHX, and BBE + CHX (p = 0.00). In the case of control patients, no significant decrease in pain (p = 0.83) was observed after 3 days, nor was there a significant increase in the opening of the oral cavity (p = 0.157). The evaluation of the inflammation index showed a significant decrease in gingival bleeding after 3 days for most patients treated with tested solutions (p < 0.05). It was concluded that irrigation with BBE was more effective in reducing pain, trismus, and bleeding compared to the other solutions (control, CHX, BBE + CHX), and this natural extract can be a choice in case of pericoronitis debut

Correlations between Immune Response and Etiopathogenic Factors of Medication-Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaw in Cancer Patients Treated with Zoledronic Acid

Impairment of the immune response in MRONJ (medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaws) is one of the still unclear etiopathogenic mechanisms of this condition encountered in cancer patients treated with bisphosphonates, with negative effects on the patient’s quality of life. The aim of the present study was to correlate the immune response with etiopathogenic factors via immunohistochemical evaluation of the maxillary tissues in zoledronic acid osteonecrosis. The retrospective study included a group of 51 patients with various types of cancers, diagnosed with stage 2 or 3 MRONJ at zoledronic acid and treated surgically. Immunohistochemical expressions of αSMA, CD3, CD4, CD8, CD20, CD79α, CD68, CD204, and tryptase were evaluated. Immunohistochemical markers expressions were statistically analyzed according to the duration of the treatment, the trigger factor, the location of the MRONJ, and the healing status. Analysis of the immune response included T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, plasma cells, macrophages, and mast cells. The duration of treatment significantly influenced the immunohistochemical expression of most markers (p < 0.05). For an increasing trend in treatment duration, a decreasing trend in marker score was observed, suggesting an inverse correlation. The expression of the markers was different depending on the trigger factor, on MRONJ localization (maxilla/mandible), and the healing status, being more intense in patients cured per primam compared to those who had relapses. The patient’s immune response was negatively influenced by the duration of the treatment, the trigger factor, the location of the lesion in the mandible, and the recurrence of MRONJ

Morphological Analysis of Laser Surface Texturing Effect on AISI 430 Stainless Steel

Laser surface texturing (LST) is a method to obtain micro-structures on the material’s surface for improving tribological performances, wetting tuning, surface treatment, and increasing adhesion. The material selected for LST is AISI 430 ferritic stainless steel, distinguished by the low cost in manufacturing, corrosion resistance, and high strength at elevated temperature. The present study addresses the morphology of new pattern designs (crater array, ellipse, and octagonal shapes). The patterns are applied on the stainless-steel surface by a non-contact method with high quality and precision nanosecond pulsed laser equipment. The investigation of laser parameter influence on thermal affected area and micro-structures is accomplished by morphological and elemental analysis (SEM + EDX). The parameters of the laser micro-patterning have a marked influence on the morphology, creating groove-type sections with different depths and recast material features. From the SEM characterization, the highest level of recast material is observed for concentric octagon LST design. Its application is more recommended for the preparation of the metal surface before hybrid welding. Additionally, the lack of the oxygen element in the case of this design suggests the possible use of the pattern in hybrid joining

Changes in Gene Expression during Pegylated Interferon and Ribavirin Therapy of Chronic Hepatitis C Virus Distinguish Responders from Nonresponders to Antiviral Therapy

Treating chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection using pegylated alpha interferon and ribavirin leads to sustained clearance of virus and clinical improvement in approximately 50% of patients. Response rates are lower among patients with genotype 1 than with genotypes 2 and 3 and among African-American (AA) patients compared to Caucasian (CA) patients. Using DNA microarrays, gene expression was assessed for a group of 33 African-American and 36 Caucasian American patients with chronic HCV genotype 1 infection during the first 28 days of treatment. Results were examined with respect to treatment responses and to race. Patients showed a response to treatment at the gene expression level in RNA isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells irrespective of degree of decrease in HCV RNA levels. However, gene expression responses were relatively blunted in patients with poor viral response (<1.5 log(10)-IU/ml decrease at 28 days) compared to those in patients with a marked (>3.5 log(10)-IU/ml decrease) or intermediate (1.5 to 3.5 log(10)-IU/ml decrease) response. The number of genes that were up- or down-regulated by pegylated interferon and ribavirin treatment was fewer in patients with a poor response than in those with an intermediate or marked viral response. However AA patients had a stronger interferon response than CA patients in general. The induced levels of known interferon-stimulated genes such as the 2′5′-oligoadenylate synthetase, MX1, IRF-7, and toll-like receptor TLR-7 genes was lower in poor-response patients than in marked- or intermediate-response patients. Thus, the relative lack of viral response to interferon therapy of hepatitis C virus infection is associated with blunted interferon cell signaling. No specific regulatory gene could be identified as responsible for this global blunting or the racial differences