Unmyelinated white matter loss in the preterm brain is associated with early increased levels of end-tidal carbon monoxide.

Increased levels of end-tidal carbon monoxide (ETCOc) in preterm infants during the first day of life are associated with oxidative stress, inflammatory processes and adverse neurodevelopmental outcome at 2 years of age. Therefore, we hypothesized that early ETCOc levels may also be associated with impaired growth of unmyelinated cerebral white matter.From a cohort of 156 extremely and very preterm infants in which ETCOc was determined within 24 h after birth, in 36 infants 3D-MRI was performed at term-equivalent age to assess cerebral tissue volumes of important brain regions.Linear regression analysis between cerebral ventricular volume, unmyelinated white matter/total brain volume-, and cortical grey matter/total brain volume-ratio and ETCOc showed a positive, negative and positive correlation, respectively. Multivariable analyses showed that solely ETCOc was positively related to cerebral ventricular volume and cortical grey matter/total brain volume ratio, and that solely ETCOc was inversely related to the unmyelinated white matter/total brain volume ratio, suggesting that increased levels of ETCOc, associated with oxidative stress and inflammation, were related with impaired growth of unmyelinated white matter.Increased values of ETCOc, measured within the first 24 hours of life may be indicative of oxidative stress and inflammation in the immediate perinatal period, resulting in impaired growth of the vulnerable unmyelinated white matter of the preterm brain

MRI-measured volumes in mL (means ± SD and ranges) of selected brain regions of the 36 infants.

<p>MRI-measured volumes in mL (means ± SD and ranges) of selected brain regions of the 36 infants.</p

Individual regression plots between ETCOc (X-axis) and cerebral ventricle volume (mL) (fig. 1A); unmyelinated white matter-total brain volume (unmyelinated WM-TBV) ratio (fig. 1B); and cortical grey matter-total brain volume (cGM-TBV) ratio respectively (fig. 1C).

<p>Individual regression plots between ETCOc (X-axis) and cerebral ventricle volume (mL) (<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0089061#pone-0089061-g001" target="_blank">fig. 1A</a>); unmyelinated white matter-total brain volume (unmyelinated WM-TBV) ratio (<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0089061#pone-0089061-g001" target="_blank">fig. 1B</a>); and cortical grey matter-total brain volume (cGM-TBV) ratio respectively (<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0089061#pone-0089061-g001" target="_blank">fig. 1C</a>).</p

Representative example of a T2-weighted scan (fig. 2A) with segmentations of cerebral ventricles (fig. 2B); unmyelinated white matter (fig. 2C); and cortical grey matter (fig. 2D).

<p>Representative example of a T2-weighted scan (<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0089061#pone-0089061-g002" target="_blank">fig. 2A</a>) with segmentations of cerebral ventricles (<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0089061#pone-0089061-g002" target="_blank">fig. 2B</a>); unmyelinated white matter (<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0089061#pone-0089061-g002" target="_blank">fig. 2C</a>); and cortical grey matter (<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0089061#pone-0089061-g002" target="_blank">fig. 2D</a>).</p