Longitudinal study after Sputnik V vaccination shows durable SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies and reduced viral variant escape to neutralization over time

Recent studies have shown a temporal increase in the neutralizing antibody potency and breadth to SARS-CoV-2 variants in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) convalescent individuals. Here, we examined longitudinal antibody responses and viral neutralizing capacity to the B.1 lineage virus (Wuhan related), to variants of concern (VOC; Alpha, Beta, Gamma, and Delta), and to a local variant of interest (VOI; Lambda) in volunteers receiving the Sputnik V vaccine in Argentina. Longitudinal serum samples

A class II MHC-targeted vaccine elicits immunity against SARS-CoV-2 and its variants

The pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has resulted in over 100 million infections and millions of deaths. Effective vaccines remain the best hope of curtailing SARS-CoV-2 transmission, morbidity, and mortality. The vaccines in current use require cold storage and sophisticated manufacturing capacity, which complicates their distribution, especially in less developed countries. We report the development of a candidate SARS-CoV-2 vaccine that is purely protein based and directly targets antigen-presenting cells. It consists of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike receptor-binding domain (Spik

Vesicular stomatitis virus chimeras expressing the oropouche virus glycoproteins elicit protective immune responses in mice

Oropouche virus (OROV) infection of humans is associated with a debilitating febrile illness that can progress to meningitis or encephalitis. First isolated from a forest worker in Trinidad and Tobago in 1955, the arbovirus OROV has since been detected throughout the Amazon basin with an estimated 500,000 human infections over 60 years. Like other members of the famil

BSL2-compliant lethal mouse model of SARS-CoV-2 and variants of concern to evaluate therapeutics targeting the Spike protein

Since first reported in 2019, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is rapidly acquiring mutations, particularly in the spike protein, that can modulate pathogenicity, transmission and antibody evasion leading to successive waves of COVID19 infections despite an unprecedented mass vaccination necessitating continuous adaptation of therapeutics. Small animal models can facilitate understanding host-pathogen interactions, target selection for therapeutic drugs, and vaccine development, but availability and cost of studies in BSL3 facilities hinder progress. To generate a BSL2-compatibl

BSL2-compliant lethal mouse model of SARS-CoV-2 and variants of concern to evaluate therapeutics targeting the Spike protein

Since first reported in 2019, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is rapidly acquiring mutations, particularly in the spike protein, that can modulate pathogenicity, transmission and antibody evasion leading to successive waves of COVID19 infections despite an unprecedented mass vaccination necessitating continuous adaptation of therapeutics. Small animal models can facilitate understanding host-pathogen interactions, target selection for therapeutic drugs, and vaccine development, but availability and cost of studies in BSL3 facilities hinder progress. To generate a BSL2-compatible in vivo system that specifically recapitulates spike protein mediated disease we used replication competent, GFP tagged, recombinant Vesicular Stomatitis Virus where the VSV glycoprotein was replaced by the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (rVSV-SARS2-S). We show that infection requires hACE2 and challenge of neonatal but not adult, K18-hACE2 transgenic mice (hACE2tg) leads to productive infection of the lungs and brains. Although disease progression was faster in SARS-CoV-2 infected mice, infection with both viruses resulted in neuronal infection and encephalitis with increased expression of Interferon-stimulated Irf7, Bst2, Ifi294, as well as CxCL10, CCL5, CLC2, and LILRB4, and both models were uniformly lethal. Further, prophylactic treatment targeting the Spike protein (Receptor Binding Domain) with antibodies resulted in similar levels of protection from lethal infection against rVSV-SARS2-S and SARS-CoV-2 viruses. Strikingly, challenge of neonatal hACE2tg mice with SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern (SARS-CoV-2-α, -β, ϒ, or Δ) or the corresponding rVSV-SARS2-S viruses (rVSV-SARS2-Spike-α, rVSV-SARS2-Spike-β, rVSV-SARS2-Spike-ϒ or rVSV-SARS2-Spike-Δ) resulted in increased lethality, suggesting that the Spike protein plays a key role in determining the virulence of each variant. Thus, we propose that rVSV-SARS2-S virus can be used to understand the effect of changes to SARS-CoV-2 spike protein on infection and to evaluate existing or experimental therapeutics targeting spike protein of current or future VOC of SARS-CoV-2 under BSL-2 conditions

Functional analysis of the non-structural protein of the M (NSm) segment of orthobunyavirus Oropouche

O vírus Oropouche (OROV) pertence à ordem Bunyavirales, família Peribunyaviridae, gênero Orthobunyavirus, e está entre as mais frequentes causas de arbovirose no Brasil. OROV é endêmico da região Amazônica, onde já causou mais de meio milhão de casos em surtos publicados, no entanto recentemente tem ganhado atenção devido à ocorrência de infecções em seres humanos e primatas não humanos fora daquela região. OROV é transmitido pela picada do vetor Culicoides paraensis e causa doença febril aguda. OROV tem genoma composto por três segmentos de RNA (L, M e S) que codificam as proteínas estruturais, bem como duas não estruturais: NSm e NSs. A proteína NSs é um fator de virulência reconhecido em alguns vírus do gênero Orthobunyavirus, mas quase nada se sabe sobre funções da proteína NSm. Evidências obtidas com outros vírus da família mostram que NSm tem papel em processos de montagem e morfogênese de partículas virais. Todavia, não existem conhecimentos sobre funções da NSm de OROV. A partir do desenvolvimento deste trabalho foi possível conhecer que a proteína NSm de OROV não é essencial à produção de progênie viral, mas está envolvida com a montagem do vírus pela via canônica no complexo de Golgi. A ausência de NSm modifica o recrutamento de organelas envolvidas em fábricas virais, com diminuição da área dessas fábricas, atrasando a produção de progênie infecciosa durante a fase exponencial de replicação. Outra importante descoberta é que NSm está envolvida na atenuação da virulência de OROV in vivo, já que na sua ausência OROV é altamente letal em modelo murino. O contrário foi observado para o vírus deletado da proteína NSs, que é menos letal que o OROVwt. Mais ainda, OROV deletado simultaneamente de NSm e NSs é quase completamente atenuado. OROV sem NSs e NSm infectam células do sangue periférico humano das linhagens mielóide, de modo similar ao OROVwt, mas com produção alterada da citocina TNF-? sugerindo que essas proteínas não estruturais estão envolvidas na patogenicidade de OROV. A expressão heteróloga de NSm demonstra que NSm sozinha tem distribuição diferente da NSm do vírus nativo, indicando que a expressão de elementos da poli-proteína M viral é essencial para o seu direcionamento final. Em conjunto, essas observações mostram que NSm de OROV está envolvida com a montagem de fábricas virais e com a morfogênese viral, e tanto NSm quanto NSs estão relacionadas com a patogenicidade do vírus em modelo murino. O mutante de OROV com deleção de ambas as proteínas é significantemente atenuado, e pode ser uma importante ferramenta para o desenvolvimento de vacina. Esses dados inéditos contribuem para o conhecimento de OROV e podem auxiliar na descoberta de possíveis alvos terapêuticos.Oropouche virus is classified in Bunyavirales order, family Peribunyaviridae, genus Orthobunyavirus and it\'s one of the most frequent causes of arboviruses in Brazil. OROV is endemic in the Amazon region, where it infected half million cases in documented outbreaks. However, it\'s recently gaining more attention due to an occurrence in humans and primates outside this region. OROV is transmitted by the bite of Culicoides paraensis vector and causes a febrile disease. Its genome is composed of three negative RNA strands (L, M and S) that codes the structural and non-structural viral proteins: NSm and NSs. NSs is a known virulence factor in the Orthobunyavirus genus, but nearly nothing is known about NSm function. Evidence obtained with other orthobunyaviruses showed that NSm is involved with viral particle assembly and morphogenesis. But there are not information\'s about OROVs NSm function. With the development of this work it was possible to discover that NSm protein it is not essential for progeny production, but it is involved with the canonical assembly pathway in Golgi complex. The absence of NSm modifies organelles recruitment to viral factories, diminishing viral factories area, affecting progeny production in the exponential growth phase in the replication curve. Another important discovery is that NSm is a virulence attenuator factor since the OROV NSm mutant is highly pathogenic in a mouse model. The opposite was observed in OROV NSs mutant, being less lethal compared to OROV wild type. Moreover, OROV mutant lacking both non-structural proteins infect human peripheral blood cells from myelocytic lineage, in similar ways of OROV wild-type, but with altered TNF-a cytokine production, suggesting that these proteins are involved with OROV pathogenicity. Heterologous NSm expression demonstrated that its coding region by itself it is not functional, indicating that is necessary to express elements from the M polyprotein to the correct destination. Taking together, these observations show that OROVs NSm is involved with viral factories assembly and viral morphogenesis, and both NSm and NSs are related to pathogenicity in a mouse model. OROV mutant lacking both non-structural proteins its highly attenuated in vivo, and it can be an essential tool to develop a vaccine to this virus. These new data contribute to the discovery of possible therapeutic targets in treating this virus

Development of New Modular Genetic Tools for Engineering the Halophilic Archaeon <i>Halobacterium salinarum</i>

<div><p>Our ability to genetically manipulate living organisms is usually constrained by the efficiency of the genetic tools available for the system of interest. In this report, we present the design, construction and characterization of a set of four new modular vectors, the pHsal series, for engineering <i>Halobacterium salinarum</i>, a model halophilic archaeon widely used in systems biology studies. The pHsal shuttle vectors are organized in four modules: (i) the <i>E</i>. <i>coli</i>’s specific part, containing a ColE1 origin of replication and an ampicillin resistance marker, (ii) the resistance marker and (iii) the replication origin, which are specific to <i>H</i>. <i>salinarum</i> and (iv) the cargo, which will carry a sequence of interest cloned in a multiple cloning site, flanked by universal M13 primers. Each module was constructed using only minimal functional elements that were sequence edited to eliminate redundant restriction sites useful for cloning. This optimization process allowed the construction of vectors with reduced sizes compared to currently available platforms and expanded multiple cloning sites. Additionally, the strong constitutive promoter of the <i>fer2</i> gene was sequence optimized and incorporated into the platform to allow high-level expression of heterologous genes in <i>H</i>. <i>salinarum</i>. The system also includes a new minimal suicide vector for the generation of knockouts and/or the incorporation of chromosomal tags, as well as a vector for promoter probing using a GFP gene as reporter. This new set of optimized vectors should strongly facilitate the engineering of <i>H</i>. <i>salinarum</i> and similar strategies could be implemented for other archaea.</p></div

Schematic representation of the cargo architecture.

<p>(<b>A)</b> The basic cargo is a 150 nt long sequence containing an extensive multiple cloning site and a pair of universal primers (F24 and R24), allowing the user to easily clone and check the sequence of interest. (<b>B)</b> The expression systems of the pHsal series are cloned as <i>Pac</i>I/<i>Avr</i>II fragments at the 5’-end of the MCS. (<b>C)</b> The reporter systems for promoter probing are cloned as <i>Hind</i>III/<i>Spe</i>I fragments at the 3’-end of the MCS. With this design, the fragments of interest could be cloned using any of the restriction sites from <i>Avr</i>II to <i>Hind</i>III, always considering the directionality of the expression and reporter systems.</p

Strains, plasmids and primers used in this study.

<p>Strains, plasmids and primers used in this study.</p

Modular design of pHsal vector series.

<p>The format is inspired in the SEVA platform [<u><a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0129215#pone.0129215.ref018" target="_blank">18</a></u>] and is divided into four modules: (i) the <i>E</i>. <i>coli</i> specific part (origin of replication and ampicillin resistance gene); (ii) the replication origin; (iii) the resistance marker (tagged as Ab^R) and (iv) the cargo. Each module is flanked by a unique restriction site that allows the easy replacement of a segment by a new sequence (for example, different resistance markers or origin of replications). The cargo is the main region of the vectors since it is used for cloning the fragments of interest.</p