Lithic resources as a proxy for the social use of territory among hunter-gatherers of Central Chile

This paper presents the results of a study of the composition of lithic raw materials from the contexts of archaeological sites of hunter-gatherers of Central Chile (latitudes 33° to 34.5° S) between 5000 to 1000 years BP. This territory is characterized by a wide distribution of certain coarse and medium-grained lithic raw materials (andesite, basalt and granite), preferably used in low formatted tools, and the specific location of those of fine grain (obsidian and siliceous rocks), suitable for bifacial reduction, only in some localities. In this analysis, 22 sites have been included, each of which presents different proportions of these raw materials in their context, a set that, when analysed in terms of the diversity of each case, generated clear spatial groupings which were ratified by means of a principle component analysis. These groupings of sites are located in direct association with the lithic landscape of different localities within the region, although we propose that the simple cost-benefit explanation would not account for their formation. According to the authors, these groups would be marked by behaviours that can only result from social restrictions on access to certain sources of these raw materials, especially considering that the distances between their location and the position of the different sources in several cases is not too large to be considered a factor in itself. These restrictions could be interpreted as the existence of socially different groups within the study area, a question that is compared with ethnographic data currently available on the size of the territories of different groups of hunter-gatherers and their annual mobility ranges.Se presentan los resultados de un estudio de la composición de materias primas líticas en sitios arqueológicos de cazadores recolectores tardíos de Chile Central (3000 años a.C. a 1000 años d.C.). En base a métodos estadísticos univariados y multivariados se propone que es posible definir la existencia de cuatro distintos grupos de sitios que tendrían marcados énfasis en el acceso a materias primas de grano fino aptas para la talla bifacial. Estos grupos se localizarían en directa asociación al paisaje lítico de distintas localidades dentro de esta región, aunque se propone que la simple explicación de costo beneficio no daría cuenta de la formación de estos grupos, los que están marcados por conductas que solo pueden resultar de restricciones en el acceso a ciertas fuentes. Estas restricciones podrían interpretarse como la existencia de grupos socialmente distintos dentro del área de estudio, cuestión que es comparada con datos etnográficos actualmente disponibles

Epidemiologia, vigilancia y control de Rabia transmitida por Murciélagos Insectívoros

An exhaustive bibliographic search was carried out on epidemiology,surveillance and control strategies for Rabies variant 4 transmitted byinsectivorous bats. Likewise, as a case study, a retrospective study ofinsectivorous bats captured by passive surveillance and analyzed todetermine the presence of rabies virus was carried out in the Provinceof Río Negro, Argentina. The objective was to update the informationon the epidemiology of rabies variant 4 and to analyze the effectivenessof the control measures usually recommended by health services.The review carried out shows only 5 notifications in South Americacorresponding to canines and felines between 2009 and 2019 andwith regard to people, three cases were reported: in Chile in 1963 and2013 and in Colombia in 2012. The identification of insectivorous batscarrying rabies ranges from 4% to 15%. For its part, the veterinarypublic health service of the Health Ministry of Rio Negro collectedinsectivorous bats from passive surveillance activities. The bats weresent to the Laboratory of the Luis Pasteur Institute in the city of BuenosAires for identification of rabies virus. A total of 294 insectivorous batswere analyzed in 26 locations. The proportion of the infected ones was14.6% (95% CI 9.5-17.8) although there were no cases in dogs, cats orpeople. Insectivorous bats can be a risk factor for canines, felines, andhumans, although notifications of variant 4 cases in these species areextremely low in South America, so an evaluation of the recommendedand applied control strategy seems to be required, so far, as it is not cost-effective, and involves increasing operating costs in financial andhuman resources, proposing more efficient risk control alternatives.Se efectuó una búsqueda bibliográfica exhaustiva sobre epidemiologia, vigilancia epidemiológica y estrategias de control de Rabia variante 4 transmitida por murciélagos insectívoros. Asimismo, como estudio de caso se efectuó un estudio retrospectivo de murciélagos insectívoros capturados por vigilancia pasiva y analizados para determinar presencia de virus rábico en la Provincia de Río Negro, Argentina. El objetivo fue actualizar la información sobre la epidemiologia de la rabia variante 4 y analizar la eficacia de las medidas de control habitualmente recomendadas por los servicios de salud. La revisión efectuada muestra en Sudamérica solo 5 notificaciones correspondientes a caninos y felinos entre 2009 y 2019 y en relación a las personas, se reportaron tres casos: en Chile en 1963 y 2013 y uno en Colombia en 2012. La identificación de murciélagos insectívoros portadores de rabia varia del del 4% al 15%. Por su parte, el servicio de salud pública veterinaria del Ministerio de Salud de Rio Negro  recogió murciélagos insectívoros a partir de actividades de vigilancia pasiva. Los murciélagos fueron remitidos al Laboratorio del Instituto Luis Pasteur de la ciudad de Buenos Aires para identificación de virus rábico. Se analizaron un total de 294 quirópteros insectívoros en 26 localidades. La proporción de infectados fue del 14,6% (IC95% 9,5-17,8) aunque sin casos en perros, gatos o personas. Los murciélagos insectívoros pueden ser un factor de riesgo para caninos, felinos y seres humanos, aunque las notificaciones de casos a variante 4 en estas especies es extremadamente bajo en América del Sur por lo que parece requerirse una evaluación de la estrategia de control recomendada y aplicada hasta el momento por no ser costo - efectiva, e implicar crecientes costos operativos en recursos financieros y humanos, proponiéndose alternativas más eficientes de control de riesgos

Sources, circulation, and use of obsidian in central Chile

A geochemical analysis of 382 obsidian samples from different archeological sites in Central Chile (32°–35° Lat. South) has identified the preferential use of three known sources in the Andean mountain range, Arroyo Paramillos and Laguna del Diamante located in the Maipo Volcano area, and Las Cargas located ca 120 km further south. The analysis of the circulation and use of this raw material from the beginning of the Archaic period until the arrival of the Inka to this territory reveals differences in how obsidian from these three main sources was used, both spatially and temporally. The hunter-gatherers occupying the Andean mountain range preferred the obsidian source from the Maipo Volcano area, while the hunter gatherer and horticulturalist groups from the central valley used more frequently the obsidian from Las Cargas source. These differences are linked to the quality of the obsidian, its suitability for the intended use and the distance of the users from the source.Fil: Sanhueza, Lorena. Universidad de Chile; ChileFil: Cornejo Bustamante, Luis Eduardo. Universidad Alberto Hurtado; ChileFil: Duran, Victor Alberto. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Básicas. - Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Instituto Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Básicas; ArgentinaFil: Cortegoso, Valeria. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Básicas. - Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Instituto Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Básicas; ArgentinaFil: Yebra, Lucía Gabriela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Básicas. - Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Instituto Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Básicas; ArgentinaFil: Glascock, Michael D.. University of Missouri; Estados UnidosFil: MacDonald, Brandi L.. University of Missouri; Estados UnidosFil: Giesso, Martín. Southern Illinois University; Estados Unido

Obsidian sources from the southern Andean highlands (Laguna del Diamante, Argentina and Chile): geochemical insights on geological complexity and human biogeography

New geochemical results for two obsidian types, Laguna del Diamante and Arroyo Paramillos, naturally available in the Laguna del Diamante locality, a seasonally accessible highland wetland emplaced in the current border between Argentina and Chile at 3300 masl (34°S), are presented. A total of 1219 archeological artifacts from 41 sites located on both sides of the Andes have been assigned to these sources. The artifacts were analyzed by non-destructive, energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (ED-XRF). Archeological distributions of these obsidian types are assessed through GIS spatial analysis. Results show a great asymmetry in the distribution of these sources toward the two Andean slopes: the Laguna de Diamante chemical type shows a fairly local use pattern, being concentrated almost entirely in Cordillera sites, but the Paramillos shows a less homogeneous distribution and tends to be more concentrated in the sites that are in the western natural corridor. Although these lands were accessed and occupied from diverse demographic nodes in lower-altitude settings, the spatial analysis of obsidian artifacts reinforces the argument of dominant geographic vectors of access connecting with the western valleys and lowlands of Chile.Fil: Cortegoso, Valeria. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Centro Cientifico Tecnologico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Basicas. - Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Instituto Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Basicas.; ArgentinaFil: Yebra, Lucía Gabriela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Centro Cientifico Tecnologico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Basicas. - Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Instituto Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Basicas.; ArgentinaFil: Durán, Víctor. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Centro Cientifico Tecnologico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Basicas. - Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Instituto Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Basicas.; ArgentinaFil: Barberena, Ramiro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Centro Cientifico Tecnologico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Basicas. - Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Instituto Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Basicas.; ArgentinaFil: Lucero Ferreyra, Gustavo Fernando. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Laboratorio de Paleoecología Humana; ArgentinaFil: Cornejo Bustamante, Luis Eduardo. Universidad de Chile; ChileFil: Giesso, Martín. Northeastern University; Estados UnidosFil: MacDonald, Brandi L.. University of Missouri; Estados UnidosFil: Glascock, Michael D. University of Missouri; Estados Unido