The Role of the Communicative Approach in the Development of Terminology

The emergence of new terminology approaches does not mean that one approach should be used in preference to a previous one. These approaches suggest the structuring of terminology as a scientific research program, as described in Lakatos’s Methodology of Scientific Research Programmes. Specifically, we propose to explore the role of the Communicative Theory of Terminology in the development of the discipline. The heuristic of this approach, the set of rules intended to increase the probability of solving a problem within the discipline, will allow us to determine how the communicative approach contributes to the development of the research program.Du point de vue de la méthodologie du programme de recherche scientifique de Lakatos, l’émergence de nouvelles approches terminologiques ne signifie pas qu’on doive privilégier une approche plutôt qu’une autre. Ces approches doivent plutôt être vues comme celles qui structurent la terminologie comme programme de recherche scientifique. De façon spécifique, nous nous proposons d’explorer le rôle de la théorie communicative de la terminologie dans le développement de la discipline. L’heuristique de l’approche — l’ensemble de règles conçues pour augmenter les possibilités de résoudre un problème dans la discipline — nous permettra de déterminer comment l’approche communicative contribue au développement du programme de recherche terminologique

Les noms propres et leurs dérivés dans le vocabulaire de l’intelligence artificielle

Les noms propres et leurs dérivés dans le vocabulaire de l'intelligence artificielle – Cet article présente les résultats d'une étude qui porte sur un sujet relativement peu exploré par les terminologues, à savoir la part des noms propres et de leurs dérivés dans la formation des vocabulaires techniques et scientifiques. Nous nous intéressons en particulier dans cet article aux onomastismes qui font partie du vocabulaire de l'intelligence artificielle. L'article se divise en trois parties. Nous présentons tout d'abord les matrices morphosyntaxiques qui composent les onomastismes de l'intelligence artificielle. Nous étudions ensuite les unités terminologiques complexes onomastiques du point de vue du nom propre et de son réfèrent. Enfin, nous examinons ces mêmes unités du point de vue de leur déterminé.Proper Names and Their Derivatives in Artificial Intelligence Terminology – This article presents the results of a study on a topic which has received relatively little attention from terminologists: the place of proper names and their derived forms in the formation of scientific and technical terms. The study focusses on the field of artificial intelligence: the morphosyntactic patterns of onomastic forms used in the field; the complex onomastic terminological units seen from the point of view of the proper noun and its referent; and finally, these forms as examined from the point of view of their base unit

Validation et consistance interne d’une batterie de tests pour l’évaluation multidimensionnelle de la lecture en français

Nous présentons les considérations théoriques qui guident l’élaboration de la batterie de tests destinée à l’évaluation de la lecture en français. Ensuite, nous étayons les cinq domaines ciblés par la Batterie d’épreuves multidimensionnelles pour l’évaluation de la lecture (BÉMÉL) : a) la sensibilité phonologique, b) les connaissances alphabétiques, c) l’identification des mots réels ou inventés, d) la sensibilité grammaticale, e) la compréhension des phrases et des textes. Nous rapportons les résultats d’une étude sur huit échelles de mesure représentant trois de ces domaines. Ces résultats attestent que la consistance interne des échelles est satisfaisante et que l’augmentation de la performance en fonction du niveau scolaire appuie la validité des concepts représentés par ces échelles. Nous concluons avec quelques observations sur le développement à venir.The authors present the theoretical underpinnings used in the development of a battery of tests to evaluate reading in French. The five areas targeted by the “Batterie d’épreuves multidimensionnelles pour l’évaluation de la lecture” (BÉMÉL) include: a) phonologic sensitivity, b) alphabet knowledge, c) identification of real and invented words, d) grammatical awareness, e) comprehension of sentences and text. Presented are the results of a study of eight measurement scales representing three of these areas. The results show that the internal reliability of these scales is satisfactory and that the improvement in performance at each school level supports the validity of the concepts represented by these scales. The authors conclude with several observations regarding future development.Presentamos las consideraciones teóricas que orientan la elaboración de la batería de tests que tiene por objetivo la evaluación de la lectura en francés. A continuación apuntalamos los cinco dominios enfocados para la Batería de pruebas multidimensionales para la evaluación de la lectura (BEMEL): a) la sensibilidad fonológica, b) los conocimientos alfabéticos, c) la identificación de las palabras reales o inventadas, d) la sensibilidad gramatical, e) la comprensión de las frases y de textos. Informamos de los resultados de un estudio basado en ocho escalas de medida que representan tres de estos dominios. Estos resultados confirman que la consistencia interna de las escalas es satisfactoria y que el incremento del rendimiento según el nivel escolar sostiene la validez de los conceptos representados por estas escalas. Concluimos con algunas observaciones sobre el desarrollo a futuro

Is the French view of greenways avant-garde or déjà-vu?

“Greenway” has become trendy in the French planners’ vocabulary. Indeed, this term has many meanings, related to both the environmental and social characteristics of a territory. It carries many positive cultural values. There are not one but several types of greenways in according to specific area (urban, peri-urban, and rural) with different objectives (recreation, nature conservation, human well being). Nowadays, the French term for greenways is “trame verte”. This expression is a planning concept dealing mostly with private land. The objective of the paper is threefold. First, we shall look at the changes in the content of “greenways” in this international literature; second we shall examine what brought about the interest of “trame verte” in landscape planning and environmental management in France. Third, we shall propose a coarse assessment of the new French law on “trame verte”

Depurated fish as an alternative reference for field-based biomarker monitoring

The whole of the Swan-Canning Estuary, in the south-west of Australia, is impacted by human activity, and the selection of a local reference site to assess the impact of environmental contamination on the health of biota is not possible. To determine whether fish depurated under laboratory conditions could be used as an alternative to a reference site; adult black bream (Acanthopagrus butcheri) were collected from the estuary and maintained in clean water (S24) for 3 months. A suite of biomarkers of fish health were assessed, and the results were compared with field-captured black bream from three sites within the estuary (Ascot, Claisebrook, and Riverton). Comparisons of a subset of biomarkers were also made between hatchery-bred juvenile fish and the depurated fish. Biomarker levels were up to 3.8 times higher in field captured fish compared with depurated fish, while DNA integrity was lower. EROD activity was comparable in the hatchery-bred black bream to the depurated fish while s-SDH levels were two times higher in the hatchery fish. From the results obtained, field-captured black bream depurated for 3 months are suitable to determine reference/baseline levels for biomarker of health studies in estuarine environments

The Jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court over Nationals of Non-States Parties

This book provides a systematic and comprehensive analysis of the ICC's jurisdiction over nationals of non-States Parties. It is within the context of developments at the Court in recent years that this work addresses the overarching question: On what legal basis is the ICC authorised to exercise jurisdiction over nationals of non-States Parties? Engaging with ICC jurisprudence and building upon arguments developed in legal scholarship, this book explores the theory of delegated jurisdiction and critically examines the idea that the Court might alternatively be exercising jurisdiction inherent to the international community. It argues that delegation of territorial jurisdiction and implied consent by virtue of UN membership provide a legal basis to allow the ICC to exercise jurisdiction over nationals of non-States Parties in almost all situations envisaged by the Rome Statute

Testing the boundaries of the ICC's jurisdiction in the Afghanistan situation

There are three situations currently under investigation by the International Criminal Court (ICC) in which the alleged criminal conduct does not fall squarely within the territorial borders of one State. The situation in Bangladesh/Myanmar, for example, involves allegations of cross-border crimes against humanity including the deportation of members of the Rohingya ethnic minority from Myanmar to Bangladesh.[1] The ICC Prosecutor is also investigating crimes alleged to have been committed in the Palestinian territories occupied by Israel, including Gaza and the West Bank.[2] The third such investigation, and the focus of this article, is the situation in Afghanistan. The Prosecutor is investigating evidence of war crimes committed in connection with the armed conflict in Afghanistan, which includes crimes that allegedly took place on the territories of Romania, Lithuania and Poland.[3

Pursuing negotiations in good faith? Australia's reliance on extended nuclear deterrence, its obligations under the NPT and its opposition to a ban treaty

Over the last few years, as part of the international efforts to achieve nuclear disarmament, civil society organizations have put pressure on the Australian government to abandon its policy of relying on US extended nuclear deterrence and suggested that Australia may be legally obliged to give up this policy pursuant to the nuclear disarmament obligations in the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty ('NPT'). To date the Australian government has refused to entertain the idea of abandoning its reliance on US nuclear protection. Australia has claimed that its extended nuclear deterrence policy is not in conflict with its obligation under Article VI of the NPT to 'pursue negotiations in good faith on effective measures relating to … nuclear disarmament'. Although the policy of extended nuclear deterrence is prima facie not necessarily incompatible with disarmament, there are ways in which the policy could come into conflict with the Article VI obligation. In March 2017, the UN will convene negotiations for a treaty to prohibit nuclear weapons. Australia has continually opposed a ban treaty and justifies its position by arguing that a blanket prohibition on nuclear weapons is not an effective mechanism for disarmament. Given that Australia has taken the unprecedented step of boycotting the upcoming UN conference, my paper will explore whether Australia has reached a point where it can no longer claim that it is pursuing disarmament negotiations in good faith

Can the ICC Exercise Jurisdiction over US Nationals for Crimes Committed in the Afghanistan Situation?

On 20 November 2017, the Office of the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court (ICC) requested authorization from Pre-Trial Chamber III to proceed with an investigation into the situation in Afghanistan. The request confirms that the Prosecutor intends to investigate, inter alia, members of the United States (US) armed forces and Central Intelligence Agency for allegedly committing war crimes and crimes against humanity in Afghanistan, Romania, Poland and Lithuania as part of the broader ‘situation in Afghanistan’. This article examines whether the status of forces agreements (SOFAs) between the US and Afghanistan has any effect on the ICC’s jurisdiction in the Afghanistan situation. It argues that the SOFA clauses that give the US exclusive criminal jurisdiction over its service members do not have any bearing on whether the ICC can lawfully exercise its jurisdiction over accused US nationals. This article concedes that Afghanistan’s obligations under the SOFAs may be in conflict with its obligations under the ICC Statute, but concludes that it is not the ICC’s responsibility to mitigate or resolve this conflict