Refractometric Sensor Based On All-fiber Coaxial Michelson And Mach-zehnder Interferometers For Ethanol Detection In Fuel

A refractometric sensor based on mechanically induced interferometers formed with long period gratings is reported. It is also shown two different setups based on a Michelson and Mach-Zender interferometer and its application to measure ethanol concentration in gasoline.2741OSA,SPIE,ICO,JPCS,Quantel,CIOAshish, M.V., Lemaire, P.J., Judkins, J.B., Bhatia, V., Turan, E., Sipe, J.E., (1996) J. Lightwave Tech., 14 (1)James, S.W., Tatam, R.P., (2003) Meas. Sci. Technol., 14, pp. R49-R61Chomát, M., Berková, D., Matejec, V., Kasík, I., Kanka, J., Slavík, R., Jancárek, A., Bittner, P., (2006) Mater. Sci. Eng. C, 26, pp. 457-461Petrovic, J.S., Dobb, H., Mezentsev, V.K., Kyriacos, K., Webb, D.J., Bennion, I., (2007) J. Lightwave Tech., 25 (5)Chan, H.M., Fares, A., Tomov, I.V., Lee, H.P., (2008) IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., 20 (8)Dürr, F., Rego, G., Marques, P.V.S., Semjonov, S.L., Dianov, E.M., Limberger, H.G., Salathé, R.P., (2005) J. Lightwave Tech., 23 (11)Smietana, M., Bock, W.J., Mikulic, P., (2010) Meas. Sci. Technol., 21Savin, S., Digonnet, M.J.F., Kino, G.S., Shaw, H.J., (2000) Optic. Lett., 25 (10)Xiaojun, Z., Chen, C., Zhang, Z., Qin, Z., Liu, Y., (2009) 14th OptoElectronics and Communications Conf. OECC, , art. No 5218070Swart, P.L., (2004) Meas. Sci. Technol., 15, pp. 1576-1580Barrios, P., Sáez, R.D., Rodríguez, A., Cruz, J.L., Díez, A., Andrés, M.V., (2009) J. Sensors, , ID 815409Liu, Y., Williams, J.A.R., Zhang, L., Bennion, I., (1999) Opt. Commun., 164, pp. 27-31Wei, T., Lan, X., Xiao, H., (2009) IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., 21 (10), pp. 669-671Young-Geun, H., Lee, B.H., Won-Taek, H., Paek, U.C., Chung, Y., (2001) Meas. Sci. Technol., 12, pp. 778-781Falate, R., Kamikawachi, R.C., Fabris, J.L., Müller, M., Kalinowski, H.J., Ferri, F.A.S., Czelusniak, L.K., (2003) Proc. Microwave and Optoelectronics Conference (20-23 Sept 2003), 2, pp. 907-91

Numerical And Experimental Studies For A High Pressure Photonic Crystal Fiber Based Sensor

We report a study of using photonic crystal fibers (PCFs) for high pressure applications. An opto-mechanical analysis was realized in regular PCFs and suspended-core microstructured optical fibers for different fiber geometrical parameters. It was found that the pressure sensitivity is highly dependent on the fiber structure. It was also experimentally shown that even small core PCFs with high air filling fraction can deal with pressures as high as 500 bar (7350 psi) without any noticeable problem. © American Institute of Physics.1055133136de Matos, C.J.S., (2008) CLEO conferenceR.E.P. de Oliveira, submitted to WSOF2008 AIP Proceedings (2008)Cordeiro, C.M.B., (2007) Optics Letters, 32, pp. 3324-3326Szpulak, M., Martynkien, T., Urbanczyk, W., (2004) Appl. Optics, 43, pp. 4739-4744MacPherson, W.N., (2005) Journal Light, 23, pp. 1227-1231. , TechnZhou, J., (2006) OFC'06, WI2Kosolapov, A.F., (2006) Inorganic Materials, 43, pp. 310-31

Opto-mechanical Response Of A Suspended-slab-core Optical Fiber

In this paper we report the numerical evaluation of the opto-mechanical response of a microstructured optical fiber design when submitted to hydrostatic pressure. The fiber was built in silica and is composed of two large holes surrounding a wide thin flat region (suspended-slab-core) that is able to support optical propagating modes. A full-vector finite element program was used to the stress-optical analysis. The opto-mechanical sensitivity of such fiber was evaluated under two schemes of applied hydrostatic pressure. © American Institute of Physics.1055141144Bjarklev, A., Broeng, J., Bjarklev, A.S., (2003) Photonic Crystal Fibres, , Boston, Kluwer Academic PublishersJoly, N.Y., Birks, T.A., Yulin, A., Knight, J.C., St. Russel, P.J., (2005) Optics Letters, 30 (18), pp. 2469-2471Szpulak, M., Martynkien, T., Urbanczyk, W., (2004) Applied Optics, 43 (24), pp. 4739-4744Schreiber, T., Schultz, O., Schmidt, O., Röser, F., Limpert, J., Tünnermann, A., (2005) Optics Express, 13 (10), pp. 3637-3646MacPherson, W.N., Rigg, E.J., Jones, J.D.C., Kumar, V.V.R.K., Knight, J.C., St, P., Russel, J., (2005) IEEE J. Lightwave Technol, 23 (3), pp. 1227-123

Simple And Temperature-insensitive Pressure Sensing Based On A Hollow-core Photonic Crystal Fiber

The sensitivity to pressure of lossy air-guided modes in a commercial hollow-core photonic crystal fiber was experimentally exploited to develop a novel pressure sensor. The transmission of these modes was directly modulated by the measurand, which makes the interrogation system very simple. Using a supercontinuum source, these specific modes were identified within the visible spectral range and correspond to narrow transmission windows well away from the fiber's main bandgap, centered around 1550 nm. The origin of these windows is being investigated but is likely to be related to cladding bandgaps. One of these windows, around 633 nm, was used for the analysis presented in this paper. An attenuation increase was observed when pressure was applied to a ∼3-cm long cell, which was traversed by the fiber. The attenuation reached 5 dB with 300kgf/cm2 gauge pressure. The transmission was found to be insensitive to temperature up to 100°C, which is a highly attractive feature for sensing applications. It was also found that much higher sensitivities (a few dB attenuation with ∼0.5kgf/cm2 gauge pressure) could be obtained when pressure was internally applied to the fiber microstructure. This fact allows for the construction of sensors with a wide range of sensitivities, which can, thus, suit different applications. Transmission within the infrared bandgap was insensitive to pressure and can serve as a reference. © American Institute of Physics.1055129132Knight, J.C., (2003) Nature, 424, pp. 847-851Alkeskjold, T.T., Lægsgaard, J., Bjarklev, A., Hermann, D.S., Broeng, J., Li, J., Gauza, S., Wu, S.-T., (2006) Appl. Opt, 45, pp. 2261-2264Cordeiro, C.M.B., de Matos, C.J.S., dos Santos, E.M., Bozolan, A., Ong, J.S.K., Facincani, T., Chesini, G., Brito Cruz, C.H., (2007) Meas. Sci. Technol, 18, pp. 3075-3081Jensen, J.B., Pedersen, L.H., Hoiby, P.E., Nielsen, L.B., Hansen, T.P., Folkenberg, J.R., Riishede, J., Bjarklev, A., (2004) Opt. Lett, 29, pp. 1974-1976Krohn, D.A., Pressure Sensors (2000) Fiber Optic Sensors, pp. 143-151. , Research Triangle Park: Instrument Society of AmericaXu, M.G., Reekie, L., Chow, Y.T., Dakin, J.P., (1993) Electron. Let, 29, pp. 398-399Hsu, Y.S., Wang, L., Fung Liu, W., Chiang, Y.J., (2006) IEEE Photon. Technol. Let, 18, pp. 874-876Nasilowski, T., (2005) Appl. Phys. B, 81, pp. 325-331Bock, W.J., Chen, J., Eftimov, T., Urbanczyk, W., (2006) IEEE T. Instrum. Meas, 55, pp. 874-876Shinde, Y.S., Gahir, H.K., (2008) IEEE Photon. Technol. Let, 20, pp. 279-28

Spectral Bandwidth Analysis Of High Sensitivity Refractive Index Sensor Based On Multimode Interference Fiber Device

Fiber optic structures based on multimode interference were investigated to the refractive index (RI) sensing. The proposed device is a singlemode-multimode-singlemode (SMS) structure, where the multimode section is a coreless fiber (MMF). The numerical analyses were carried out by beam propagation and modal expansion methods. Ultra-high sensitivity was obtained: 827 nm/RIU over a RI range of 1.30-1.44 and a maximum sensitivity of 3500 nm/RIU for RI∼1.43, considering △RI = 0.01. The dependence of spectral bandwidth was investigated taking into account the multimode fiber diameter and the coupling efficiency between modes at the input junction singlemode- multimode. © 2012 SPIE.8421Aguilar-Soto, J.G., Antonio-Lopez, J.E., Sanchez-Mondragon, J.J., May-Arrioja, D.A., Fiber optic temperature sensor based on multimode interference effects (2011) Proceedings of XVII Reunión Iberoamericana de Óptica & X Encuentro de Óptica, Láseres y Aplicaciones, Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 274, pp. 1-4Nguyen, L.V., Hwang, D., Moon, S., Moon, D.S., Chung, Y., High temperature fiber sensor with high sensitivity based on core diameter mismatch (2008) Optics Express, 16 (15), pp. 11369-11375Hatta, A.M., Rajan, G., Semenova, Y., Farrell, G., SMS fibre structure for temperature measurement using a simple intensity-based interrogation system (2009) Electronics Lett., 45 (21)Silva, S., Pachon, E.G.P., Franco, M.A.R., Hayashi, J.G., Malcata, F.X., Frazão, O., Jorge, P., Cordeiro, C.M.B., Ultra-high sensitivity-temperature fiber sensor based on multimode interference Applied Optics, , accepted to publicationWang, P., Brambilla, G., Ding, M., Semenova, Y., Wu, Q., Farrell, G., Investigation of single-mode-multimode-single-mode and single-mode-tapered-multimode-single-mode fiber structures and their application for refractive index sensing (2011) J. Opt. Soc. Am. B, 28 (5), pp. 1180-1186Wu, Q., Semenova, Y., Wang, P., Farrell, G., High sensitivity SMS fiber structure based refractometer-analysis and experiment (2011) Optics Express, 19 (9), pp. 7937-7944Jin, Y.X., Chan, C.C., Zhao, Y., Dong, X.Y., Refractive index measurement by using multimode interference (2011) Proceedings of 21st International Conference on Optical Fiber Sensors, Proc. of SPIE, 7753, pp. 77535FZhang, C., Li, E., Peng, L.V., Wang, W., A wavelength encoded optical fiber sensor based on multimode interference in a coreless silica fiber (2009) Proceedings of International Conference on Optical Instruments and Technology: Advanced Sensor Technologies and Applications, Proc. SPIE SPIE, 7157, pp. 71570HWang, P., Brambilla, G., Ding, M., Semenova, Y., Wu, Q., Farrell, G., High-sensitivity, evanescent field refractometric sensor based on a tapered, multimode fiber interference (2011) Opt. Lett., 36, pp. 2233-2235Mehta, A., Mohammed, W., Johnson, E.G., Multimode interference-based fiber-optic displacement sensor (2003) IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., 15, pp. 1129-1131Hatta, A.M., Semenova, Y., Wu, Q., Farrell, G., Strain sensor based on a pair of single-mode-multimodesingle-mode fiber structures in a ratiometric power measurement scheme (2010) Appl. Opt., 49, pp. 536-541Silva, S., Frazão, O., Viegas, J., Ferreira, L.A., Araújo, F.M., Malcata, F.X., Santos, J.L., Temperature and strain-independent curvature sensor based on a singlemode/multimode fiber optic structure (2011) Meas. Sci. Technol., 22, p. 085201Soldano, L.B., Pennings, E.C.M., Optical multi-mode interference devices based on self-imaging: Principles and applications (1995) J. Lightwave Technol., 13 (4), pp. 615-62

Ultra-simplified single-step fabrication of microstructured optical fiber

Manufacturing optical fibers with a microstructured cross-section relies on the production of a fiber preform in a multiple-stage procedure, and drawing of the preform to fiber. These processes encompass the use of several dedicated and sophisticated equipment, including a fiber drawing tower. Here we demonstrate the use of a commercial table-top low-cost filament extruder to produce optical fibers with complex microstructure in a single step - from the pellets of the optical material directly to the final fiber. The process does not include the use of an optical fiber drawing tower and is time, electrical power, and floor space efficient. Different fiber geometries (hexagonal-lattice solid core, suspended core and hollow core) were successfully fabricated and their geometries evaluated. Air guidance in a wavelength range where the fiber material is opaque was shown in the hollow core fiber.Cristiano M.B. Cordeiro, Alson K.L. Ng, Heike Ebendorff-Heideprie

Conventional Optical Fiber Current Measurements Improved By A High Accuracy Artificial Neural Network Algorithm

This paper relies on an experiment using a conventional fiber optical current measurement system with new concept for signal processing using Artificial Neural Networks. To achieve the high accuracy results, a class 0.1% current standard was used as reference for the ANN processing. Also a large data collection was conducted to assure the high variability of the measurement process behavior, including changes in temperature and other non-linear effects. The results show 0.2% maximum error for the developed system, demonstrating the robustness and high accuracy of the proposed method, being capable of mitigate some drawbacks of FOCS system, like non-idealities compensation. © 2012 SPIE.8421López-Higuera, J.M., (2002) Handbook of Optical Fibre Sensing Technology, p. 828. , John Wiley & Sons, ISBN: 0471820539, May 13Grattan, K.T.V., Ning, Y.N., (1999) Optical Current Sensor Technology, Optical Fiber Sensor Technology: Applications and Systems, , Kluwer Academic PublishersBohert, K., Gabus, P., Nehring, Temperature and vibration insensitive fiber-optic current sensor (2002) Journal of Lightwave Techonolgy, 20, pp. 267-276. , FEB, doi 1O. 1109/50. 9S3241Haykin, S., (1998) Neural Networks: A Comprehensive Foundation, , Prentice Hall, New YorkEncinas, L.S., Zimmermann, A.C., Veiga, C.L.N., Weege, T.A., Unambiguous signal demodulation extending the measuring range of fiber bragg gratings sensors using artificial neural networks - A temperature case (2008) IEEE Sensors Journal, 8 (7). , JulyMansoor, A., (2010) Industry Smart Grid Interoperability-From Roadmap to Action, , Invited Address, CIGRE 2010 Paris bi-Annual Meeting, ParisZimmermann, A.C., Besen, M., Encinas, L.S., Nicolodi, R., Improving optical fiber current sensor accuracy using artificial neural networks to compensate temperature and minor non-ideal effects (2011) Proc. SPIE, 7753, pp. 77535Q. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.886112IEC 60044-1. INTERNATIONAL STANDARD IECInstrument transformers-Part 1: Current transformers. Edition 1:1996 consolidated with amendments 1:2000 and 2:200

Micro-structured Er 3+-tm 3+ Co-doped Tellurite Fiber For Broadband Optical Amplifier Around 1550nm

Micro-structured Er 3+-Tm 3+ co-doped tellurite fiber with three rings of holes was fabricated using a soft glass drawing tower by a stack-and-draw technique. Amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) around 1550nm band were observed when pumped with both, 980nm and 790nm, lasers.6314Russell, P., Photonic crystal fibers (2003) Science, 299, pp. 358-362Knight, J.C., Photonic crystal fibers (2003) Nature, 424, pp. 847-851Kumar, V.V.R.K., George, A.K., Reeves, W.H., Knight, J.C., Russell, P.St.J., Omenetto, F.G., Taylor, A.J., Extruded soft glass photonic crystal fiber for ultrabroad supercontinuum generation (2002) Opt. Exp, 10 (25), pp. 1520-1525Chillcce, E.F., Cordeiro, C.M.B., Barbosa, L.C., Cruz, C.H.B., Er 3+-Tm 3+ co-doped tellurite fibers for broadband optical fiber amplifier around 1550nm band (2006) Opt. Fiber Technol., 12, pp. 185-195Chillcce, E.F., Rodriguez, E., Neves, A.A.R., Moreira, W.C., Cesar, C.L., Barbosa, L.C., Cruz, C.H.B., Tellurite photonic crystal fiber by a stack-and-draw technique (2006) J. Non-cryst. Solids, , accepted to publicationWhite, T.P., McPhedran, R.C., De Sterke, C.M., Botten, L.C., Steel, M.J., Confinement losses in microstructured optical fibers (2001) Opt. Lett, 26 (21), pp. 1660-1663Barbosa, L.C., Cruz, C.H.B., Cesar, C.L., Cordeiro, C.M.B., Chillcce, E.F., Production process of tellurite glass tubes, capillaries and rods Brazilian pending Patent No 018050002734Chillcce, E.F., Cordeiro, C.M.B., Rodriguez, E., Cruz, C.H.B., Cesar, C.L., Barbosa, L.C., Tellurite photonic crystal fiber with Er 3+-Tm 3+ for broadband optical amplifier in 1550nm (2006) Proc. of SPIE, 6116, p. 61160

Multimode Interference In Tapered Single Mode-multimode-single Mode Fiber Structures For Strain Sensing Applications

Tapering single mode-multimode-single mode structures to enhance sensitivity is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. 50 mm-long coreless MMF sections are spliced between SMFs and tapered. They are characterized in strain and an increase in strain sensitivity is obtained with taper diameter reduction. Sensitivities as high as -23.69 pm/με for the 15 μm taper are attained. A combination of an untapered and tapered SMS is proposed as a sensing system for the simultaneous measurement of strain and temperature. © 2012 SPIE.8421Soldano, L., Pennings, E., Optical multi-mode interference devices based on self-imaging: Principles and applications (1995) Lightwave Technology, Journal of, 13, pp. 615-627. , AprilKumar, A., Varshney, R.K., Sharma, P., Transmission characteristics of sms fiber optic sensor structures (2003) Optics Communications, 219, pp. 215-219Wang, Q., Farrell, G., Yan, W., Investigation on single-mode-multimode-single-mode fiber structure (2008) J. Lightwave Technol., 26, pp. 512-519. , MarMehta, A., Mohammed, W., Johnson, E., Multimode interference-based fiber-optic displacement sensor (2003) Photonics Technology Letters, IEEE, 15, pp. 1129-1131. , augMohammed, W., Mehta, A., Johnson, E., Wavelength tunable fiber lens based on multimode interference (2004) Lightwave Technology, Journal of, 22, pp. 469-477. , febFrazão, O., Silva, S.O., Viegas, J., Ferreira, L.A., Araújo, F.M., Santos, J.L., Optical fiber refractometry based on multimode interference (2011) Appl. Opt., 50, pp. E184-E188. , SepMohammed, W.S., Smith, P.W.E., Gu, X., All-fiber multimode interference bandpass filter (2006) Opt. Lett., 31, pp. 2547-2549. , SepWang, Q., Farrell, G., Multimode-fiber-based edge filter for optical wavelength measurement application and its design (2006) Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, 48 (5), pp. 900-902Wang, P., Brambilla, G., Ding, M., Semenova, Y., Wu, Q., Farrell, G., High-sensitivity, evanescent field refractometric sensor based on a tapered, multimode fiber interference (2011) Opt. Lett., 36, pp. 2233-2235. , JunFrazão, O., Silva, S.F.O., Guerreiro, A., Santos, J.L., Ferreira, L.A., Araújo, F.M., Strain sensitivity control of fiber bragg grating structures with fused tapers (2007) Appl. Opt., 46 (36), pp. 8578-8582Biazoli, C.R., André, R.M., Frazão, O., Cordeiro, C.M.B., Tapering down optical fiber to ultra-high strain sensitivity (2012) Photonics Technology Letters, IEEE, , Submitte

Tellurite Photonic Crystal Fiber With Er3+-tm3+ For Broadband Optical Amplifier In 1550nm

Er3+-Tm3+ co-doped tellurite photonic crystal fiber was fabricated via a stack-and-draw procedure and without using extrusion in any stage. The final fiber presents a 187 nm bandwidth of amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) intensity around 1550nm when pumped with 790nm. In this manuscript a soft-glass tube fabrication technique, using the centrifugation method, is also shown.6116Knight, J.C., Birks, T.A., Russel, P.St.J., Atkin, D.M., All-silica single-mode optical fiber with photonic crystal cladding (1996) Opt. Lett, 21, pp. 1547-1549Jeong, H., Oh, K., Han, S.R., Morse, T.F., Characterization of broadband amplified spontaneous emission from an Er3+-Tm3+ -codoped silica fiber (2003) Opt. Lett, 367, pp. 507-511Chillcce, E.F., Rodriguez, E., Neves, A.A.R., Moreira, W.C., César, C.L., Barbosa, L.C., Er3+-Tm3+ co-doped tellurite fibers for broadband optical fiber amplifier around 1550 nm band (2005) Opt. Fiber Technol., , article in pressRussell, P., Photonic crystal fibers (2003) Science, 299, pp. 358-362Knight, J.C., Photonic crystal fibers (2003) Nature, 424, pp. 847-851Kumar, V.V.R.K., George, A.K., Knight, J.C., Russell, P.St.J., Tellurite photonic crystal fiber (2003) Opt. Exp, 20, pp. 2641-2645Kumar, V.V.R.K., George, A.K., Reeves, W.H., Knight, J.C., Russell, P.St.J., Omenetto, F.G., Taylor, A.J., Extruded soft glass photonic crystal fiber for ultrabroad supercontinuum generation (2002) Opt. Exp, 10 (25), pp. 1520-1525Kiang, K.M., Frampton, K., Monro, T.M., Moore, R., Tucknott, J., Hewak, D.W., Richardson, D.J., Rutt, H.N., Extruded singlemode non-silica glass holey optical fiber (2002) Electron. Lett, 38 (12), pp. 546-54