Regulation for Cultural Heritage Orphans - Time Does Matter

The regulation of orphan works has stalled in many countries. This is mainly due to the complexity of the issues surrounding these works and the corresponding difficulties of providing a comprehensive legislative solution. Yet the problems created by orphan works affect distinct categories of secondary users: not-for-profit cultural heritage users and commercial users. This paper argues that the impact of the orphan works problem on cultural heritage institutions and researchers is of immediate concern in New Zealand and other net-copyright importing countries (in which the impact of the problem on the domestic economy is less certain). A partial solution for the cultural heritage orphans must therefore not be delayed. As the paper explains time is of the essence. The alternative is that other secondary users might have the first opportunity to use the orphan works originating from tardier countries

Archives, Museums and Copyright Law: Reconciling the Traditional with Contemporary Practices

By preserving and providing accessibility to cultural heritage, archives and museums have a crucial role in civil society. "Culture" is not a static concept; ideally, the practices of contemporary archives and museums should adapt to meet the changed expectations and cultural values of society. However, the limited permitted exceptions for archives in the Copyright Act 1994 are an obstacle to archives and museums attaining this goal. For example, the provisions are drafted from a traditional, analogue perspective, albeit with more recent minor changes in an attempt to acknowledge digital technologies. Furthermore, the permitted exceptions are confined to not-for-profit and state archives– a somewhat contentious limit in the 21st century when the Internet promises the means for cultural democracy. Museums are not mentioned at all. In addition, there is no legislative process permitting uses of orphan copyright works. This article explains how the permitted exceptions for archives could be amended in the upcoming review of the Copyright Act to better acknowledge and support cultural heritage institutions. It examines recent amendments in the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 (UK) and suggests that while some of these amendments would be useful for New Zealand to emulate, additional changes should also be considered

Copyright Law And The Digitisation Of Cultural Heritage

Tradition, history, and research are terms associated with a cultural heritage institution. In reality, however, these terms evoke a limited understanding of cultural heritage in the 21st century. For, today, cultural heritage institutions are going digital. Internationally, cultural heritage institutions have embraced the use of modern digital technologies with alacrity, financial constraints being the only limiting factor. Digital cameras provide the means to digitise institutional collections in the form of images that can be stored in online and offline databases. Such databases provide a digital archive of a collection that is less demanding of physical storage space than the paper-based archives of metadata and photographs that were formerly compiled by institutions to manage their collections. Digital images of collection items can also be used for interactive displays within the institution, leaving the original item protected and untouchable within its traditional glass case. In addition, digital images can be made accessible to the public on an institution’s website. Online accessibility permits a geographically widespread audience to view the collection and order copies of the images, and also provides a means of ‘digitally repatriating’ a cultural object, albeit in the somewhat limited form of a digital reproduction, to its source community

Legal Protection for the Database: Is there a better way?

The business database is a valuable commodity. However without adequate legal protection the economic incentives required to invest in their creation ongoing updating and maintenance will be absent. The underlying objectives of many business databases can only be achieved if they are made accessible to the public; these databases are particularly vulnerable to misuse. Although copyright law provides protection for the original structure and format of a database judicial decisions in this area reveal many inconsistencies. In addition traditional copyright law fails to address the complexity of features found in a modern database. In this article we examine decisions from the European Union the United States and Australia and conclude that traditional copyright protection for the modern database is inappropriate. We analyse the structure of the 21st century business database and explain how copyright could protect specific features of this structure in a more nuanced fashion. As an alternative we consider the use of compulsory licensing as a suitable tool for protecting the economic value of the database

A persistent and dynamic East Greenland Ice Sheet over the past 7.5 million years

Climate models show that ice-sheet melt will dominate sea-level rise over the coming centuries, but our understanding of ice-sheet variations before the last interglacial 125,000 years ago remains fragmentary. This is because terrestrial deposits of ancient glacial and interglacial periods1,2,3 are overrun and eroded by more recent glacial advances, and are therefore usually rare, isolated and poorly dated4. In contrast, material shed almost continuously from continents is preserved as marine sediment that can be analysed to infer the time-varying state of major ice sheets. Here we show that the East Greenland Ice Sheet existed over the past 7.5 million years, as indicated by beryllium and aluminium isotopes (10Be and 26Al) in quartz sand removed by deep, ongoing glacial erosion on land and deposited offshore in the marine sedimentary record5,6. During the early Pleistocene epoch, ice cover in East Greenland was dynamic; in contrast, East Greenland was mostly ice-covered during the mid-to-late Pleistocene. The isotope record we present is consistent with distinct signatures of changes in ice sheet behaviour coincident with major climate transitions. Although our data are continuous, they are from low-deposition-rate sites and sourced only from East Greenland. Consequently, the signal of extensive deglaciation during short, intense interglacials could be missed or blurred, and we cannot distinguish between a remnant ice sheet in the East Greenland highlands and a diminished continent-wide ice sheet. A clearer constraint on the behaviour of the ice sheet during past and, ultimately, future interglacial warmth could be produced by 10Be and 26Al records from a coring site with a higher deposition rate. Nonetheless, our analysis challenges the possibility of complete and extended deglaciation over the past several million years

Examining the reversibility of long-term behavioral disruptions in progeny of maternal SSRI exposure

Serotonergic dysregulation is implicated in numerous psychiatric disorders. Serotonin plays widespread trophic roles during neurodevelopment; thus perturbations to this system during development may increase risk for neurodevelopmental disorders. Epidemiological studies have examined association between selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) treatment during pregnancy and increased autism spectrum disorder (ASD) risk in offspring. It is unclear from these studies whether ASD susceptibility is purely related to maternal psychiatric diagnosis, or if treatment poses additional risk. We sought to determine whether maternal SSRI treatment alone or in combination with genetically vulnerable background was sufficient to induce offspring behavior disruptions relevant to ASD. We exposed C57BL/6J or Celf6(+/-) mouse dams to fluoxetine (FLX) during different periods of gestation and lactation and characterized offspring on tasks assessing social communicative interaction and repetitive behavior patterns including sensory sensitivities. We demonstrate robust reductions in pup ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) and alterations in social hierarchy behaviors, as well as perseverative behaviors and tactile hypersensitivity. Celf6 mutant mice demonstrate social communicative deficits and perseverative behaviors, without further interaction with FLX. FLX re-exposure in adulthood ameliorates the tactile hypersensitivity yet exacerbates the dominance phenotype. This suggests acute deficiencies in serotonin levels likely underlie the abnormal responses to sensory stimuli, while the social alterations are instead due to altered development of social circuits. These findings indicate maternal FLX treatment, independent of maternal stress, can induce behavioral disruptions in mammalian offspring, thus contributing to our understanding of the developmental role of the serotonin system and the possible risks to offspring of SSRI treatment during pregnancy

Perceived opportunities and challenges of family and community members in supporting teen mothers in rural Eastern Uganda

There is tremendous need for feasible and acceptable community-based interventions to address poor nutrition and health among teen mothers in rural Eastern Uganda. To inform such interventions, we identified facilitators/opportunities and challenges for maternal/child nutrition and health at community level, as perceived by those closest to the problem. In-depth interviews were conducted among 101 teens, family and community members in Budondo sub-county using questions based on social cognitive theory constructs related to nutrition/health. Data were analyzed thematically using Atlas-ti7.5.4. Facilitators included family support for positive teen decision-making regarding healthcare and practices and opportunities included income generation training and availability of healthcare services. Challenges included poor attitude of parents towards community workers, harsh treatment, inability to obtain income generation materials, insufficient land, food or medical supplies and medical understaffing. To exploit opportunities for improved maternal/child health and progress towards global sustainable development goals, this study points to needs for local action. Keywords: Teenage mother, nutrition, health, supports, challenges, social cognitive theory Il existe un énorme besoin d'interventions communautaires réalisables et acceptables pour lutter contre la mauvaise nutrition et la santé des mères adolescentes dans les régions rurales de l'Est de l'Ouganda. Pour éclairer ces interventions, nous avons identifié des facilitateurs / opportunités et défis pour la nutrition et la santé maternelle / infantile au niveau communautaire, tels que perçus par les personnes les plus proches du problème. Des entretiens approfondis ont été menés auprès de 101 adolescents, membres de la famille et de la communauté du sous-comté de Budondo à l'aide de questions basées sur des concepts de théorie sociale cognitive liés à la nutrition / santé. Les données ont été analysées par thème à l'aide d'Atlas-ti7.5.4. Les animateurs comprenaient le soutien de la famille pour la prise de décisions positives chez les adolescents concernant les soins de santé et les pratiques et les opportunités comprenaient une formation sur la génération de revenus et la disponibilité des services de santé. Les défis comprenaient l'attitude médiocre des parents envers les agents communautaires, les traitements sévères, l'incapacité d'obtenir des matériaux générateurs de revenus, l'insuffisance des terres, de la nourriture ou des fournitures médicales et le manque de personnel médical. Afin d'exploiter les opportunités d'amélioration de la santé maternelle / infantile et de progresser vers les objectifs mondiaux de développement durable, cette étude souligne les besoins d'action locale. Mots-clés: Mère adolescente, nutrition, santé, soutiens, défis, théorie cognitive sociale &nbsp

The International Labour Organization and International Labor Standards

With the forces of globalization as a backdrop, this casebook develops labor and employment law in the context of the national laws of nine countries important to the global economy - the US, Canada, Mexico, UK, Germany, France, China, Japan and India. These national jurisdictions are highlighted by considering international labor standards promulgated by the International Labor Organization as well as the rulings and standards that emerge from two very different regional trade arrangements - the labor side accord to NAFTA and the European Union. Across all these different sources of law, this book considers the law of individual employment, collective labor law dealing with unionization as well as the laws against discrimination, the laws protecting privacy and the systems used to resolve labor and employment disputes. This is the first set of law school course materials in English covering international and comparative employment and labor law

Creating “transdisciplinary spaces” for a real-world scenario : a practical teaching collaboration

A lack of transfer of academic literacy competencies was identified by academic literacy and Statistics lecturers involved in an extended programme course. This paper reports on one attempt at a workable collaborative solution to this challenge. The collaborative attempt is situated within the academic literacies framework, and is described. Thereafter, student feedback as well as critical self-reflections from participating lecturers are qualitatively analysed in an interpretative framework, to determine how key stakeholders experienced the collaborative intervention. The collaborative attempt was found to be valuable in more effectively achieving the outcomes of both courses, and in helping students see the relevance of academic literacy in content subjects – this is in line with an academic literacies framework which holds that academic literacy cannot be divorced from the contexts in which it is practiced. The primary factors that led to a successful collaboration were a willingness of all partners to participate in the project and regular communication between collaborators. Main problems encountered revolved around miscommunication between lecturers and students, and an insufficiently detailed timetable that resulted in pressure at certain stages.http://www.ajol.info/index.php/jltam2018Unit for Academic LiteracyStatistic