Stay for a Dollar a Day: California's Church Hostels and Support during the Japanese American Eviction and Resettlement, 1942-1947

This thesis examines the support California's church groups offered to Japanese Americans during their eviction, internment, and resettlement from 1942 to 1947, centered on the hostels those groups opened to house, feed, provide storage, and seek employment and long-term housing for their Japanese residents. It first provides a hitherto unwritten narrative of that state's church hostel efforts that have been overshadowed by those in Midwestern and Eastern states that operated for nearly two years before the West Coast was reopened to internees. The origins of California's church hostels during resettlement had roots in the eviction, however, when certain denominations were among the lone supporters of Japanese Americans and demonstrated Christian charity by providing housing, securing storage for their goods, and generally lending a measure of humanity to an otherwise inhumane situation.These church hostels also voiced strong support for the government that was prosecuting the internment of the very people they claimed to support. Conflating Christian and democratic language, church leaders in this period voiced support for a popular war and simultaneously for the most unpopular ethnic group in the country. During eviction, they manifested support of the government through trust in its claim of military necessity, and during internment and resettlement adopted from whole cloth its program of assimilation, steps that afforded a measure of self-insulation them to provide aid to "the enemy." This paradox of church support in this period is the central focus of this thesis

Impact of soil moisture and vegetation distribution on July 1989 climate using a regional climate model

Spring 1995.Bibliography: pages [113]-124.Sponsored by National Park Service CA 1268-2-9004.Sponsored by National Park Service CEGR-R92-0193.Sponsored by National Park Service COLR-R92-0204.Sponsored by U.S. Geological Survey 1434-94-A-1275.Sponsored by Climate System Modeling Program through UCAR S9361

echinus, required for interommatidial cell sorting and cell death in the Drosophila pupal retina, encodes a protein with homology to ubiquitin-specific proteases

Background: Programmed cell death is used to remove excess cells between ommatidia in the Drosophila pupal retina. This death is required to establish the crystalline, hexagonal packing of ommatidia that characterizes the adult fly eye. In previously described echinus mutants, interommatidial cell sorting, which precedes cell death, occurred relatively normally. Interommatidial cell death was partially suppressed, resulting in adult eyes that contained excess pigment cells, and in which ommatidia were mildly disordered. These results have suggested that echinus functions in the pupal retina primarily to promote interommatidial cell death. Results: We generated a number of new echinus alleles, some of which are likely null mutants. Analysis of these alleles provides evidence that echinus has roles in cell sorting as well as cell death. echinus encodes a protein with homology to ubiquitin-specific proteases, which cleave ubiquitin-conjugated proteins at the ubiquitin C-terminus. The echinus locus encodes multiple splice forms, including two proteins that lack residues thought to be critical for deubiquitination activity. Surprisingly, ubiquitous expression in the eye of versions of Echinus that lack residues critical for ubiquitin specific protease activity, as well as a version predicted to be functional, rescue the echinus loss-of-function phenotype. Finally, genetic interactions were not detected between echinus loss and gain-of-function and a number of known apoptotic regulators. These include Notch, EGFR, the caspases Dronc, Drice, Dcp-1, Dream, the caspase activators, Rpr, Hid, and Grim, the caspase inhibitor DIAP1, and Lozenge or Klumpfuss. Conclusions: The echinus locus encodes multiple splice forms of a protein with homology to ubiquitin-specific proteases, but protease activity is unlikely to be required for echinus function, at least when echinus is overexpressed. Characterization of likely echinus null alleles and genetic interactions suggests that echinus acts at a novel point(s) to regulate interommatidial cell sorting and/or cell death in the fly eye

Cell death regulation in Drosophila: Conservation of mechanism and unique insights

Programmed cell death, or apoptosis, is a genetically encoded form of cell suicide that results in the orderly death and phagocytic removal of excess, damaged, or dangerous cells during normal development and in the adult. The cellular machinery required to carry out apoptosis is present in most, if not all cells, but is only activated in cells instructed to die (for review see Jacobson et al. 1997). Here, we review cell death regulation in the fly in the context of a first pass look at the complete Drosophila genome and what is known about death regulation in other organisms, particularly worms and vertebrates

Wolverine Food Habitats and Foraging Strategies in Glacier National Park, Montana

From 2003-2007 we captured and instrumented 28 wolverines (Gulo gulo) in Glacier National Park to investigate reproduction and recruitment. We collected 189 scat samples at reproductive den, forage and rendezvous sites, and documented 90 prey species through observation and prey remains found at similar sites. Seasonal scat analysis provided evidence of differences in prey species consumed during winter (n = 170), summer (n = 19), and reproductive den (n = 103) periods. Ungulates were the most frequently observed prey found in all scats (71%; N=135), with Cervid remains being observed most often (37%; n = 70). Hibernating rodents (ground squirrels and marmots) (36%; n = 68) were the next most utilized prey, with the third most documented prey being mice and voles (31%; n = 56). Vegetation (72%; n = 169), soil material (31%; n = 59), and bone (90%; n = 171) were also found in scats. Seasonal importance of prey was documented, with ungulates being the most observed prey in winter scats (75%; n = 128) and den period scats (79%; n = 81), and hibernating rodents being most observed in summer scats (47%; n = 9). A similar condition was found with analysis of all prey remains (n = 90); ungulates were consumed most often (69%; n = 63), with hibernating rodents as the second most documented prey (12%; n = 11). Wolverines exhibited seasonal dietary shifts in that ungulates were consumed most frequently during winter (77%; n = 55) and the den period (78%; n = 17), with hibernating rodents the most frequent prey documented in summer (50%; n = 9). Wolverine foraging strategies, including searching tree wells, fishing, decapitation, and food caching are also discussed

Wolverine Reproductive Den Habitat in Glacier National Park, Montana

Wolverine reproductive dens occur in habitat not easily accessible to humans during the denning period (Feb – May) and can be challenging to find.  As such, few den sites have been precisely described. From 2003 – 2007 we located and documented 14 natal and maternal dens of 3 reproductive female wolverine in Glacier National Park.  Two females were known to have produced young in multiple years, using different den sites each year.  Reproductive dens occurred at an average elevation of 1890m (range: 1805-1999m), on 9° slopes (range: 5-22o), within a variable range of aspects (   =263°), and with an average snow depth of 2.6m (range: 2.4-3.4m). Den structures included downed trees, large boulders, and rock caves associated with alpine cirques, ridges, and cliff bands at, or below, existing tree line.  Distance to occupied human development averaged 6.4km, and distance between denning areas of the same female in different years averaged 5.8 km.  Various climate change models predict less persistent snowpack in many areas of the conterminous United States, with a resultant potential for increased isolation of island populations of wolverines

The NASA Langley Mars Tumbleweed Rover Prototype

Mars Tumbleweed is a concept for an autonomous rover that would achieve mobility through use of the natural winds on Mars. The wind-blown nature of this vehicle make it an ideal platform for conducting random surveys of the surface, scouting for signs of past or present life as well as examining the potential habitability of sites for future human exploration. NASA Langley Research Center (LaRC) has been studying the dynamics, aerodynamics, and mission concepts of Tumbleweed rovers and has recently developed a prototype Mars Tumbleweed Rover for demonstrating mission concepts and science measurement techniques. This paper will provide an overview of the prototype design, instrumentation to be accommodated, preliminary test results, and plans for future development and testing of the vehicle

Wetland Issues

Instead of a single comprehensive federal wetland protection law, multiple laws provide varying levels of protection in different forms: the permit program authorized in §404 in the Clean Water Act; programs for agricultural wetlands; laws that protect specific sites; and laws that protect wetlands which perform certain functions. Many protection advocates view these laws and their implementation as inadequate or uncoordinated. Others, who advocate the rights of property owners and development interests, by contrast, characterize these efforts, especially the §404 permit program, as too intrusive. Numerous state and local wetland programs add to the complexity of the protection effort

Assessing the Accuracy of National Land Cover Dataset Area Estimates at Multiple Spatial Extents

Site-specific accuracy assessments evaluate fine-scale accuracy of land-use/land-cover (LULC) datasets but provide little insight into accuracy of area estimates of LULC classes derived from sampling units of varying size. Additionally, accuracy of landscape structure metrics calculated from area estimates cannot be determined solely from site-specific assessments. We used LULC data from Rhode Island and Massachusetts as reference to determine the accuracy of area measurements from the National Land Cover Dataset (NLCD) within spatial units ranging from 0.1 to 200 km2. When regressed on reference area, NLCD area of developed land, agriculture, forest, and water had positive linear relationships with high r2, suggesting acceptable accuracy. However, many of these classes also displayed mean differences (NLCD   REFERENCE), and linear relationships between the NLCD and reference were not one-to-one (i.e., low r2, β0 ≠ 0,  β1 ≠ 1), suggesting mapped area is different from true area. Rangeland, wetland, and barren were consistently, poorly classified