Host range expansion in a powdery mildew fungus (Golovinomyces sp.) infecting Arabidopsis thaliana: Torenia fournieri as a new host

Since 2003, Torenia fournieri plants grown for experimental purposes were repeatedly infected by powdery mildew in a laboratory in Hungary. Based on morphological characteristics, the pathogen belonged to the mitosporic genus Oidium subgen. Reticuloidium, the anamorph stage of Golovinomyces. The rDNA ITS sequence was identical to that of two other powdery mildew fungi, infecting Arabidopsis and Veronica, respectively, in different parts of the world. According to a previous phylogenetic analysis of ITS and 28S rDNA sequences, those two powdery mildews belong to a recently evolved group of Golovinomyces characterized by multiple host range expansions during their evolution. Both the ITS sequence and the morphological data indicate that the powdery mildew anamorph infecting Torenia also belongs to this group. It is likely that the powdery mildew infections of the experimental T. fournieri plants, native to south-east Asia, were the result of a very recent host range expansion of a polyphagous Golovinomyces because (i) T. fournieri is absent from our region, except as an experimental plant grown in the laboratory, (ii) the powdery mildew fungus infecting this exotic plant belongs to a group of Golovinomyces where host range expansion is a frequent evolutionary scenario, (iii) cross-inoculation tests showed that this pathogen is also able to infect other plant species, notably A. thaliana and tobacco, and (iv) no Golovinomyces species are known to infect T. fournieri anywhere in the world. Although host range expansion has often been proposed as a common evolutionary process in the Erysiphales, and also in other biotrophic plant pathogens, this has not been clearly demonstrated in any case studies so far. To our knowledge, this is the first convincing case of a host range expansion event in the Erysiphales

Reasons for using web-based counselling among family and friends impacted by problem gambling

Despite the range of free services available in Australia, few family and friends of&nbsp;people with problem gambling access them. Over recent years, the Australian&nbsp;gambling help service system has expanded to include web-based counselling.&nbsp;Family and friends make up approximately 15% of people accessing this new&nbsp;modality, however little is known of the reasons for choosing this form of assistance&nbsp;over other interventions. This research aimed to understand the reasons family and&nbsp;friends choose to use single-session web-based counselling over other modes (i.e.,&nbsp;face-to-face and telephone), as well as why they would recommend it to other&nbsp;affected people. The study involved 63 participants (70% intimate partners, 13%&nbsp;children, 6% friends, 5% parents, 6% other family members) who completed openended&nbsp;questions on reasons for using and recommending web-based counselling,&nbsp;with over three-quarters of the sample seeking help for the first time. A descriptive&nbsp;content analysis revealed multiple overlapping themes, including ease of access&nbsp;(41.3% of reasons for choosing), privacy and anonymity (17.5%), and a preference for&nbsp;the characteristics inherent in the therapeutic medium (23.8%). We also found webbased&nbsp;counselling provided a pathway into services (11.1%) and that the intervention&nbsp;provided was viewed as helpful and a reason for recommendation (34.9% of reasons&nbsp;for recommending). This research provides important new information on the help seeking&nbsp;preferences of family and friends. Future research is required to understand&nbsp;the relationship between reasons for use, help-seeking preferences and the&nbsp;effectiveness of single-session web-based counselling for people affected by problem gambling.</span