21,482 research outputs found
System maintains constant penetration during fusion welding
Servo system senses variations in fusion welding process, and adjusts the control parameters to compensate for them. The system assumes a correlation between uniform weld penetration and temperature gradients near the molten puddle. It senses weld properties and makes adjustments to travel speed and weld current
Quasi-circular Orbits for Spinning Binary Black Holes
Using an effective potential method we examine binary black holes where the
individual holes carry spin. We trace out sequences of quasi-circular orbits
and locate the innermost stable circular orbit as a function of spin. At large
separations, the sequences of quasi-circular orbits match well with
post-Newtonian expansions, although a clear signature of the simplifying
assumption of conformal flatness is seen. The position of the ISCO is found to
be strongly dependent on the magnitude of the spin on each black hole. At close
separations of the holes, the effective potential method breaks down. In all
cases where an ISCO could be determined, we found that an apparent horizon
encompassing both holes forms for separations well inside the ISCO.
Nevertheless, we argue that the formation of a common horizon is still
associated with the breakdown of the effective potential method.Comment: 13 pages, 10 figures, submitted to PR
Design and development of a water vapor electrolysis unit
Design and development of water vapor electrolysis unit for oxygen productio
Towards a wave--extraction method for numerical relativity: III. Analytical examples for the Beetle--Burko radiation scalar
Beetle and Burko recently introduced a background--independent scalar
curvature invariant for general relativity that carries information only about
the gravitational radiation in generic spacetimes, in cases where such
radiation is incontrovertibly defined. In this paper we adopt a formalism that
only uses spatial data as they are used in numerical relativity and compute the
Beetle--Burko radiation scalar for a number of analytical examples,
specifically linearized Einstein--Rosen cylindrical waves, linearized
quadrupole waves, the Kerr spacetime, Bowen--York initial data, and the Kasner
spacetime. These examples illustrate how the Beetle--Burko radiation scalar can
be used to examine the gravitational wave content of numerically generated
spacetimes, and how it may provide a useful diagnostic for initial data sets.Comment: 23 pages, 4 figures; We changed the convention used, corrected typos,
and expanded the discussio
Relativistic stars in differential rotation: bounds on the dragging rate and on the rotational energy
For general relativistic equilibrium stellar models (stationary axisymmetric
asymptotically flat and convection-free) with differential rotation, it is
shown that for a wide class of rotation laws the distribution of angular
velocity of the fluid has a sign, say "positive", and then both the dragging
rate and the angular momentum density are positive. In addition, the "mean
value" (with respect to an intrinsic density) of the dragging rate is shown to
be less than the mean value of the fluid angular velocity (in full general,
without having to restrict the rotation law, nor the uniformity in sign of the
fluid angular velocity); this inequality yields the positivity and an upper
bound of the total rotational energy.Comment: 23 pages, no figures, LaTeX. Submitted to J. Math. Phy
Quasi-equilibrium binary black hole sequences for puncture data derived from helical Killing vector conditions
We construct a sequence of binary black hole puncture data derived under the
assumptions (i) that the ADM mass of each puncture as measured in the
asymptotically flat space at the puncture stays constant along the sequence,
and (ii) that the orbits along the sequence are quasi-circular in the sense
that several necessary conditions for the existence of a helical Killing vector
are satisfied. These conditions are equality of ADM and Komar mass at infinity
and equality of the ADM and a rescaled Komar mass at each puncture. In this
paper we explicitly give results for the case of an equal mass black hole
binary without spin, but our approach can also be applied in the general case.
We find that up to numerical accuracy the apparent horizon mass also remains
constant along the sequence and that the prediction for the innermost stable
circular orbit is similar to what has been found with the effective potential
method.Comment: 6 pages, 3 figures, 1 tabl
Stability and collapse of rapidly rotating, supramassive neutron stars: 3D simulations in general relativity
We perform 3D numerical simulations in full general relativity to study the
stability of rapidly rotating, supramassive neutron stars at the mass-shedding
limit to dynamical collapse. We adopt an adiabatic equation of state with
and focus on uniformly rotating stars. We find that the onset of
dynamical instability along mass-shedding sequences nearly coincides with the
onset of secular instability. Unstable stars collapse to rotating black holes
within about one rotation period. We also study the collapse of stable stars
which have been destabilized by pressure depletion (e.g. via a phase
transition) or mass accretion. In no case do we find evidence for the formation
of massive disks or any ejecta around the newly formed Kerr black holes, even
though the progenitors are rapidly rotating.Comment: 16 pages, to appear in Phys. Rev.
Application of shock tubes to transonic airfoil testing at high Reynolds numbers
Performance analysis of a gas-driven shock tube shows that transonic airfoil flows with chord Reynolds numbers of the order of 100 million can be produced, with limitations being imposed by the structural integrity of the facility or the model. A study of flow development over a simple circular arc airfoil at zero angle of attack was carried out in a shock tube at low and intermediate Reynolds numbers to assess the testing technique. Results obtained from schlieren photography and airfoil pressure measurements show that steady transonic flows similar to those produced for the same airfoil in a wind tunnel can be generated within the available testing time in a shock tube with properly contoured test section walls
Improved initial data for black hole binaries by asymptotic matching of post-Newtonian and perturbed black hole solutions
We construct approximate initial data for non-spinning black hole binary
systems by asymptotically matching the 4-metrics of two tidally perturbed
Schwarzschild solutions in isotropic coordinates to a resummed post-Newtonian
4-metric in ADMTT coordinates. The specific matching procedure used here
closely follows the calculation in gr-qc/0503011, and is performed in the so
called buffer zone where both the post-Newtonian and the perturbed
Schwarzschild approximations hold. The result is that both metrics agree in the
buffer zone, up to the errors in the approximations. However, since isotropic
coordinates are very similar to ADMTT coordinates, matching yields better
results than in the previous calculation, where harmonic coordinates were used
for the post-Newtonian 4-metric. In particular, not only does matching improve
in the buffer zone, but due to the similarity between ADMTT and isotropic
coordinates the two metrics are also close to each other near the black hole
horizons. With the help of a transition function we also obtain a global smooth
4-metric which has errors on the order of the error introduced by the more
accurate of the two approximations we match. This global smoothed out 4-metric
is obtained in ADMTT coordinates which are not horizon penetrating. In
addition, we construct a further coordinate transformation that takes the
4-metric from global ADMTT coordinates to new coordinates which are similar to
Kerr-Schild coordinates near each black hole, but which remain ADMTT further
away from the black holes. These new coordinates are horizon penetrating and
lead, for example, to a lapse which is everywhere positive on the t=0 slice.
Such coordinates may be more useful in numerical simulations.Comment: 25 pages, 21 figures. Replaced with accepted versio
Innermost stable circular orbits around relativistic rotating stars
We investigate the innermost stable circular orbit (ISCO) of a test particle
moving on the equatorial plane around rotating relativistic stars such as
neutron stars. First, we derive approximate analytic formulas for the angular
velocity and circumferential radius at the ISCO making use of an approximate
relativistic solution which is characterized by arbitrary mass, spin, mass
quadrupole, current octapole and mass -pole moments. Then, we show that
the analytic formulas are accurate enough by comparing them with numerical
results, which are obtained by analyzing the vacuum exterior around numerically
computed geometries for rotating stars of polytropic equation of state. We
demonstrate that contribution of mass quadrupole moment for determining the
angular velocity and, in particular, the circumferential radius at the ISCO
around a rapidly rotating star is as important as that of spin.Comment: 12 pages, 2 figures, accepted for publication in Phys. Rev.
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