Example of a complete resection.

<p>Patient #2. Transaxial slices. <b>A:</b> Intense focal [¹⁸F]FET uptake in the right temporal lobe. <b>B:</b> MRI (FLAIR-sequence) with diffuse hyperintensity in the same region. <b>C:</b> [¹⁸F]FET-PET (48h after resection) and <b>D:</b> MRI (24 h after resection, FLAIR) with no signs of residual tumor tissue.</p

Comparison of all 3 modalities: PET, MRI and intraoperative findings (IF).

<p><b>IR</b> = incomplete resection; <b>CR</b> = complete resection.</p><p>Comparison of all 3 modalities: PET, MRI and intraoperative findings (IF).</p

Patients´ characteristics.

<p>Patients´ characteristics.</p

Residual glioma tissue detected by [¹⁸F]FET-PET–Re-resection.

<p>Patient #7. Transaxial slices of [¹⁸F]FET-PET (upper row) and corresponding contrast-enhanced T1-weighted MRI. <b>A:</b> Pre-operative PET with intense focal uptake in the left frontal lobe consistent with a lesion on MRI. <b>B:</b> Early postoperative PET with focal uptake at the cranio-medial border of the resection cavity, leading to re-resection; MRI displaying unspecific changes. <b>C:</b> Early postoperative PET after re-resection showing the resection cavity with no focal uptake in the border region, consistent with complete resection (confirmed by MRI). Histopathology confirmed glioblastoma.</p

Residual tumor tissue detected by [¹⁸F]FET-PET—Follow-up.

<p> Patient #18. <b>A,B:</b> sagittal slices. <b>C,D:</b> axial slices. <b>A:</b> Pre-operative PET showing focal uptake in the right parietal lobe. <b>B:</b> Suspicious uptake in the cranial border of the resection cavity 48h and <b>C:</b> 4 months after resection, consistent with vital tumor. <b>D:</b> Corresponding MRI 4 months after resection corroborating the PET finding.</p

Activation of brown adipose tissue in hypothyroidism

<div><p></p><p><b>Background</b> Brown adipose tissue (BAT) attracts growing interest as a potential therapeutic target for obesity and diabetes. Hyperthyroidism is well-known to increase BAT activity, but the role of hypothyroidism is controversial. We aimed to investigate the association between different thyroid hormone (TH) states and BAT activity.</p><p><b>Methods</b> FDG-PET studies were retrospectively evaluated in thyroid cancer patients after total thyroidectomy both at euthyroidism during TH replacement or at hypothyroidism after TH cessation. Serum TH levels were compared between patients with active BAT and control patients with non-active BAT matched for age, gender, and body mass index. Additionally, animal experiments with controls (<i>n</i> = 5) and hypothyroid rats (<i>n</i> = 5) were performed.</p><p><b>Results</b> Out of 124 patients, 6 patients with active BAT were identified. These patients showed significantly higher thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels than matched controls (<i>P</i> < 0.05). In animal experiments, all hypothyroid animals showed BAT activation at room temperature (24 °C), whereas controls did not (<i>P</i> < 0.001). Increased BAT activity was also confirmed by increased expression of UCP-1 and D2.</p><p><b>Conclusions</b> Increased BAT metabolism appears to be related with hypothyroidism, which might be the result of a feedback mechanism to maintain body temperature in a state of reduced basal thermogenesis. Future research needs to explore the underlying mechanistic and biological implications.</p><p></p><p>Key Messages</p><p></p><p>Increased brown adipose tissue (BAT) metabolism appears to be related with hypothyroidism, which might be the result of a feedback mechanism to maintain body core temperature in a state of reduced basal thermogenesis.</p><p></p><p></p><p></p></div

Additional file 1: of Subcellular storage and release mode of the novel 18F-labeled sympathetic nerve PET tracer LMI1195

Preparation of buffer systems. (DOCX 107 kb

Immunoglobulin κ/λ light chain levels.

<p>Intracellular levels of either λ- (MM1.S, OPM-2) or κ- (INA-6) immunoglobulin light chains were determined by FACS analysis (GeoMean) using anti-Ig λ-FITC- and anti-Ig κ-APC antibodies. Background-corrected means ± standard deviation are shown (n=7). Asterisk indicate statistically significant differences (p <0.05).</p

Hallmarks of MM-biology in MM-cell lines.

<p>(A) Proliferation rate. Cells were stained with anti-hKi67 FITC antibody and geometric mean fluorescent intensity (GeoMean) was quantified by FACS. All samples were analyzed in duplicates and background corrected (n=4). Cell surface expression of CXCR4 (B) and CD138⁺ (C) was analyzed by FACS. Cells were stained with an anti- hCXCR4-PE or anti- hCD138-APC antibody in duplicate, background-corrected and GeoMean was quantified (n=5). Columns represent mean values and error bars the standard deviation. Asterisk indicate statistically significant differences (p <0.05).</p

¹¹C-MET is superior to ¹⁸F-FET and ¹⁸F-FDG in CD138⁺-plasma cells.

<p>CD138⁺-plasma cells were incubated with either ¹⁸F-FDG, ¹⁸F-FET or ¹¹C-MET for 60 min and intracellular radioactivity was quantified using a gamma-counter. Relative uptake of background- and decay-corrected samples was expressed as cpm per 1000 cells. Whenever possible, bone marrow samples were split and one half of the sample was incubated with ¹⁸F-FDG, the other with either ¹⁸F-FET (patients no 7, 10, 11) or ¹¹C-MET (patients no. 13, 16, 17, 18, 19, 21, 22, 26). (A) ¹⁸F-FDG, ¹⁸F-FET and ¹¹C-MET uptake by CD138⁺ PCs. Data from all samples analyzed are shown. (B) Direct comparison of ¹⁸F-FDG and ¹¹C-MET uptake in split samples. Lines indicate corresponding samples from one patient.</p