Patient Characteristics.

<p>* Details of ICU stay were not available for 24 subjects at baseline.</p><p>^# Details of Ventilation time were not available for 21 subjects at baseline.</p><p>^$ Risk Adjustment for Congenital Heart Surgery</p><p>Patient Characteristics.</p

Alternate sources of finances adopted by families to meet the expenses related to child’s surgery.

<p>Alternate sources of finances adopted by families to meet the expenses related to child’s surgery.</p

Relationship between risk factors and family indirect cost of congenital heart surgery.

<p>¹Adjusted for age and annual income;</p><p>²adjusted for RACHS, age, and annual income;</p><p>³adjusted for RACHS, age, and income;</p><p>⁴adjusted for residential status.</p><p>Relationship between risk factors and family indirect cost of congenital heart surgery.</p

Relationship between risk factors and family total cost of congenital heart surgery.

<p>¹Adjusted for age and annual income;</p><p>²adjusted for RACHS, age, and annual income;</p><p>³adjusted for RACHS, age, and income;</p><p>⁴adjusted for residential status.</p><p>Relationship between risk factors and family total cost of congenital heart surgery.</p

Relationship between risk factors and family direct cost of congenital heart surgery.

<p>¹Adjusted for age and annual income;</p><p>²adjusted for RACHS, age, and annual income;</p><p>³adjusted for RACHS, age, and income;</p><p>⁴adjusted for residential status.</p><p>Relationship between risk factors and family direct cost of congenital heart surgery.</p

Efficacy of Hospital at Home in Patients with Heart Failure: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

<div><p>Background</p><p>Heart failure (HF) is the commonest cause of hospitalization in older adults. Compared to routine hospitalization (RH), hospital at home (HaH)—substitutive hospital-level care in the patient’s home—improves outcomes and reduces costs in patients with general medical conditions. The efficacy of HaH in HF is unknown.</p><p>Methods and Results</p><p>We searched MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, and CENTRAL, for publications from January 1990 to October 2014. We included prospective studies comparing substitutive models of hospitalization to RH in HF. At least 2 reviewers independently selected studies, abstracted data, and assessed quality. We meta-analyzed results from 3 RCTs (n = 203) and narratively synthesized results from 3 observational studies (n = 329). Study quality was modest. In RCTs, HaH increased time to first readmission (mean difference (MD) 14.13 days [95% CI 10.36 to 17.91]), and improved health-related quality of life (HrQOL) at both, 6 months (standardized MD (SMD) -0.31 [-0.45 to -0.18]) and 12 months (SMD -0.17 [-0.31 to -0.02]). In RCTs, HaH demonstrated a trend to decreased readmissions (risk ratio (RR) 0.68 [0.42 to 1.09]), and had no effect on all-cause mortality (RR 0.94 [0.67 to 1.32]). HaH decreased costs of index hospitalization in all RCTs. HaH reduced readmissions and emergency department visits per patient in all 3 observational studies.</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>In the context of a limited number of modest-quality studies, HaH appears to increase time to readmission, reduce index costs, and improve HrQOL among patients requiring hospital-level care for HF. Larger RCTs are necessary to assess the effect of HaH on readmissions, mortality, and long-term costs.</p></div

Health-related quality of life for HaH compared with inpatients at 6- and 12-month follow-up in randomized controlled trials.

<p>Health-related quality of life for HaH compared with inpatients at 6- and 12-month follow-up in randomized controlled trials.</p

Hospital readmissions and emergency department visits per patient in substitutive versus inpatients in observational studies.

<p>Hospital readmissions and emergency department visits per patient in substitutive versus inpatients in observational studies.</p

Characteristics of included studies.

<p>*Details in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0129282#pone.0129282.s010" target="_blank">S7 Table</a>; for risk of bias, numerator indicates the number of “low risk” categories as per the Cochrane tool (higher fractions have a lower risk of bias).</p><p>†Patients acted as their own controls.</p><p>‡NYHA class only reported for patients who died: 5 class IV, 4 class III, and one class II.</p><p>ACS = acute coronary syndrome; AF = atrial fibrillation; COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; DC = dilated cardiomyopathy; DM: diabetes mellitus; ECG = electrocardiogram; EF = ejection fraction; HaH = hospital at home; HC = hypertensive cardiopathy; HCE = hypercholesterolemia; HTN = hypertension; IHD = ischemic heart disease; IV = intravenous; NR = not reported; NYHA = New York Heart Association; OT = occupational therapy; PC = prospective cohort; PT = physical therapy; RC = restrictive cardiomyopathy; RCT = randomized controlled trial; RD = respiratory disease; RF = renal failure; RH = routine hospitalization; RI = respiratory infection; SD = standard deviation; VD = valve disease.</p><p>Characteristics of included studies.</p

Hospital readmissions and all-cause mortality for HaH compared with inpatients in randomized controlled trials.

<p>Hospital readmissions and all-cause mortality for HaH compared with inpatients in randomized controlled trials.</p