Specificity of rK39 RDTs in various groups of control dogs.

<p>Specificity of rK39 RDTs in various groups of control dogs.</p

Estimates of the sensitivity of rK39 RDTs to detect <i>Leishmania infantum</i> infection in dogs.

1<p>CC – case-control; XS – cross-sectional;</p>2<p>Inbios International Inc, WA, USA; Corixa, USA; Cypress Diagnostic Company, Belgium; Intersep DiaSys Europe Ltd; Diamed AG, Switzerland;</p>3<p>data from first time-point of a cohort study;</p>4<p>crude antigen.</p

Proportion of dogs positive by rK39 RDT according to anti-CLA IgG concentrations.

<p>IgG concentrations expressed as arbitrary units/mL relative to positive control serum, by ELISA. Each point represents 31–32 samples. Dashed line indicates the CLA ELISA cut-off.</p

Proportion of infected dogs positive by CLA ELISA and rK39 RDT according to parasite density in bone marrow.

<p>Parasite density expressed as number of parasites/mL of bone marrow biopsy by quantitative kDNA PCR. Key: CLA ELISA (open circles); rK39 RDT (closed circles). Each point represents 25 samples.</p

Sensitivity of CLA ELISA and rK39 RDT, and the proportion of symptomatic dogs, through time.

<p>Samples (n = 285) were aligned by time from first detection of infection. Key: CLA ELISA (open circles); rK39 RDT (closed circles); symptomatics (triangles). Each point represents 15–50 dogs.</p

Estimates of the specificity of rK39 RDTs in dogs.

1<p>CC – case-control; XS – cross-sectional;</p>2<p>Inbios International Inc, WA, USA; Cypress Diagnostic Company, Belgium; Intersep DiaSys Europe Ltd; Diamed AG, Switzerland;</p>3<p>NEC non-endemic controls, EC endemic controls, OD other diseases;</p>4<p>data from first time-point of a cohort study;</p>5<p>not stated;</p>6<p>clinically suspect dogs.</p

Estimates of the sensitivity of rK39 RDTs to detect asymptomatic <i>Leishmania infantum</i> infection in dogs.

1<p>CC – case-control; XS – cross-sectional;</p>2<p>Inbios International Inc, WA, USA; Cypress Diagnostic Company, Belgium; Intersep DiaSys Europe Ltd; Diamed AG, Switzerland;</p>3<p>data from first time-point of a cohort study;</p>4<p>crude antigen.</p

Factors associated with a positive rK39 RDT result in samples from infected Brazilian dogs.

<p>Odds Ratios (95% CI) were estimated using general estimating equations with robust standard errors, to account for the non-independence of repeat samples from the same dog. All analyses included time since confirmed infection (months and months²) as covariates.</p

Sensitivity and specificity of diagnostic tests to detect dogs of different infectious status.

<p>¹Dogs were classified as highly infectious, infectious, and non-infectious to the sandfly vector <i>Lu. longipalpis</i> by longitudinal xenodiagnosis follow-up.</p><p>²Test performance based on parasite numbers, or IgG antibody units, calculated at point xenodiagnosis to detect infectiousness of infected dogs.</p><p>³Test performance based on conventional cut-offs to detect infection.</p

Frequency distributions of <i>L. infantum</i> parasite numbers in dog tissue samples measured by qPCR.

<p>Parasite numbers are expressed as numbers per mL (bone marrow, black bars) or per gram (ear skin, light bars).</p