444 research outputs found
A Brief History, Status, and Perspective of Modified Oligonucleotides for Chemotherapeutic Applications
The advent of rapid and efficient methods of oligonucleotide synthesis has allowed the design of modified oligonucleotides that are complementary to specific nucleotide sequences in mRNA targets. Such modified oligonucleotides can be used to disrupt the flow of genetic information from transcribed mRNAs to proteins. This antisense strategy has been used to develop therapeutic oligonucleotides against cancer and various infectious diseases in humans. This overview reports recent advances in the application of oligonucleotides as drug candidates, describes the relationship between oligonucleotide modifications and their therapeutic profiles, and provides general guidelines for enhancing oligonucleotide drug properties.Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/143788/1/cpnc0401.pd
Astrophysical Uncertainties in the Cosmic Ray Electron and Positron Spectrum From Annihilating Dark Matter
In recent years, a number of experiments have been conducted with the goal of
studying cosmic rays at GeV to TeV energies. This is a particularly interesting
regime from the perspective of indirect dark matter detection. To draw reliable
conclusions regarding dark matter from cosmic ray measurements, however, it is
important to first understand the propagation of cosmic rays through the
magnetic and radiation fields of the Milky Way. In this paper, we constrain the
characteristics of the cosmic ray propagation model through comparison with
observational inputs, including recent data from the CREAM experiment, and use
these constraints to estimate the corresponding uncertainties in the spectrum
of cosmic ray electrons and positrons from dark matter particles annihilating
in the halo of the Milky Way.Comment: 21 pages, 9 figure
Status report of the UFFO-pathfinder
For the UFFO CollaborationGamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs) are the most energetic explosions in the universe, their optical photon flux rise very quickly, typically within one minute, then fall off gradually. Hundreds of GRBs optical light curves have been measured since the first discovery of GRB in 1967. However, only a handful of measurements have been made within a minute after the gamma ray signal. Because of this drawback, the short-hard type GRBs and rapid-rising GRBs, which may account for 30% of all GRBs, remain practically unexplored. To reach sub-minute timescales, the Ultra-Fast Flash Observatory (UFFO) uses a rapidly moving mirror to redirect the optical beam instead of slewing the entire spacecraft. The first realization of this concept is UFFO-pathfinder, which is equipped with fast-response Slewing Mirror Telescope (SMT) and a UFFO Burst Alert and Trigger Telescope (UBAT). SMT has a slewing mirror to redirect optical photons into a telescope and then record them by an intensified CCD. UBAT uses coded mask to provide X-ray trigger from a GRB and provides the GRB location for SMT. UFFOs sub-minute measurements of the optical emission of dozens of GRBs each year will result in a more rigorous test of current internal shock models, probe the extremes of bulk Lorentz factors, provide the first early and detailed measurements of fast-rise GRB optical light curves, and help verify the prospect of GRB as a new standard candle. The UFFO-pathfinder is fully integrated with the Lomonosov satellite and is scheduled to be launched in late 2013 or early 2014. We will present the latest progress in this conference
Design and implementation of electronics and data acquisition system for Ultra-Fast Flash Observatory
The Ultra-Fast Flash Observatory (UFFO) Pathfinder for Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs) consists
of two telescopes. The UFFO Burst Alert & Trigger Telescope (UBAT) handles the
detection and localization of GRBs, and the Slewing Mirror Telescope (SMT) conducts the
measurement of the UV/optical afterglow. UBAT is equipped with an X-ray detector, analog
and digital signal readout electronics that detects X-rays from GRBs and determines the
location. SMT is equipped with a stepping motor and the associated electronics to rotate
the slewing mirror targeting the GRBs identified by UBAT. First the slewing mirror points
to a GRB, then SMT obtains the optical image of the GRB using the intensified CCD and its
readout electronics. The UFFO Data Acquisition system (UDAQ) is responsible for the
overall function and operation of the observatory and the communication with the satellite
main processor. In this paper we present the design and implementation of the electronics
of UBAT and SMT as well as the architecture and implementation of UDAQ
Calibration and Simulation of the GRB trigger detector of the Ultra Fast Flash Observatory
The UFFO (Ultra-Fast Flash Observatory) is a GRB detector on board the Lomonosov
satellite, to be launched in 2013. The GRB trigger is provided by an X-ray detector,
called UBAT (UFFO Burst Alarm & Trigger Telescope), which detects X-rays from the GRB
and then triggers to determine the direction of the GRB and then alerts the Slewing Mirror
Telescope (SMT) to turn in the direction of the GRB and record the optical photon fluxes.
This report details the calibration of the two components: the MAPMTs and the YSO crystals
and simulations of the UBAT. The results shows that this design can observe a GRB within a
field of view of ±35° and can trigger in a time scale as short as 0.2 – 1.0 s
after the appearance of a GRB X-ray spike
In-Flight Calibrations of UFFO-Pathfinder
The Ultra-Fast Flash Observatory (UFFO), which will be launched onboard the
Lomonosov spacecraft, contains two crucial instruments: UFFO Burst
Alert & Trigger Telescope (UBAT) for detection and localization of Gamma-Ray Bursts
(GRBs) and the fast-response Slewing Mirror Telescope (SMT) designed for the observation
of the prompt optical/UV counterparts. Here we discuss the in-space calibrations of the
UBAT detector and SMT telescope. After the launch, the observations of the standard X-ray
sources such as pulsar in Crab nebula will provide data for necessary calibrations of
UBAT. Several standard stars will be used for the photometric calibration of SMT. The
celestial X-ray sources, e.g. X-ray binaries with bright optical sources
in their close angular vicinity will serve for the cross-calibration of UBAT and SMT
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