Antimicrobial susceptibility testing and antimicrobial resistance parameters of <i>E. coli</i>.

<p>AMP: ampicillin; A/C: amoxicillin/clavulanic acid; SH: spectinomycin; CN: gentamicin; STR: streptomycin; CIP: ciprofloxacin; NAL: nalidixic acid; SXT: sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim; TET: tetracycline; FFC: florfenicol; CEF: ceftiofur.</p><p>*No breakpoints were available for <i>E. coli</i> in the CLSI documents. In this study, ≥32 µg ml⁻¹ was the tentative breakpoint for florfenicol, and ≥2 µg ml⁻¹ was used for ceftiofur, according to EUCAST (<a href="http://www.eucast.org/mic_distributions/" target="_blank">http://www.eucast.org/mic_distributions/</a>).</p

Antimicrobial susceptibility testing and antimicrobial resistance parameters of <i>Enterococcus</i> species.

<p>OXA: oxacillin; PEN: penicillin; LEV: levofloxacin; ERY: erythromycin; CLI: clindamycin; VAN: vancomycin; HLSR: high-level resistance to streptomycin; HLGR: high-level resistance to gentamicin.</p><p>*No breakpoints were available for <i>Enterococcus</i> in the CLSI documents. In this study, ≥8 µg ml⁻¹ was the tentative breakpoint.</p

Resistance rates of <i>Escherichia coli</i> isolates from four chicken farms to 12 antimicrobials.

<p>Abbreviations: AMX: amoxicillin, CRO: ceftriaxome, CTF: ceftiofur, AMI: amikacin, GEN: gentamicin, APR: apramycin, DC: doxycycline, OTC: oxytetracycline, FFC: florfenicol, ERO: enrofloxacin, OFX: ofloxacin, LOM: lomefloxacin.</p

Comparison of the <i>Xba</i>I-PFGE patterns of 49 <i>Escherichia coli</i> isolates from chicken feces from chicken farms in the Anhui Province of China.

<p>Comparison of the <i>Xba</i>I-PFGE patterns of 49 <i>Escherichia coli</i> isolates from chicken feces from chicken farms in the Anhui Province of China.</p

Coexistence of ESBL and/or PMQR genes.

<p>Coexistence of ESBL and/or PMQR genes.</p

Resistance profiles of 202 <i>Escherichia coli</i> isolates from four chicken farms to 12 antimicrobials.

<p>Note: one to twelve in the X axis represents resistance to one antimicrobial to twelve antimicrobials. Y axis represents the rates of the isolates resistance to one antimicrobial to twelve antimicrobials.</p

Growth kinetics of the wild-type strain and mutant strains of <i>C. jejuni</i> in MH broth.

<p>The OD₆₀₀ were measured at 0, 4, 8, 12, 24 and 36 hours post-inoculation. Two mutant strains (C3 and F5) and the parent strain ATCC 33560 were included in the experiment. The experiment was repeated three times, and the results were shown as mean of three independent experiments.</p

Primers used in this article.

<p>Primers used in this article.</p

Target mutations identified in CHL- and FFC-resistant mutants.

a<p>C1-C3 were selected with CHL, while F1-F5 were selected with FFC.</p>b<p>Determined by the standard agar dilution method. ND, not determined.</p>c<p>The G2073A mutation was present in three copies of the domain V region of 23s rRNA gene.</p>d<p>no mutation detected.</p>e<p>CHL: Chloramphenicol; FFC: Florfenicol; NA: not applicable.</p

Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of <i>A. lwoffii</i> SGC-HZ9, transformants and transconjugants.

a<p>IMP, Imipenem; MER, Meropenem; ERT, Ertapenem; AMP, Ampicillin; CRA, Cefradine; COT, Cefotaxime; CAZ, Ceftazidime; CEP, Cefepime; AZT, Aztreonam; POL, Polymyxin B; CIP, Ciprofloxacin; TET, Tetracycline; KAN, Kanamycin; GEN, Gentamicin; CHL, Chloramphenicol.</p