Changes in Soil Bacterial Community Structure and Diversity of <i>Pinus Tabuliformis</i> Plantation after 65 Years of near-naturalization in North China

Our study investigates the effect of near-naturalization of plantations on soil physicochemical and bacterial features and the difference between soil layers in Baxianshan National Nature Reserve. Four stands were involved, including two forest types: near-naturalized and natural secondary forests, with the former classified into three stages. Soil physicochemical and bacterial properties were determined and analyzed. TC, TN contents and C/N ratio of the surface soil were higher than the corresponding lower layer. TC, TN contents decreased first and then increased with near-naturalization, lower than the natural secondary forests, while the C/N ratio was the opposite; total and endemic OTUs quantity was more in the surface layer than the lower and both increased with near-naturalization; the dominant phyla were Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria, Gemmatimonadetes, and verrucomicrobia, the relative abundance of Proteobacteria increased with near-naturalization while that of other dominant phyla decreased; the α-diversity increased on the whole during near-naturalization and was lower than the natural secondary forests except for Simpson and Shannon index; environmental factors significantly explained the bacterial α-diversity and community structure of natural secondary forests but not near-naturalized forests. This study helps fully understand the change characteristics and response mechanisms of soil bacterial community structure to the restoration of the plantation.</p

Palladium-Catalyzed Asymmetric C–C Bond Activation/Carbonylation of Cyclobutanones

A palladium-catalyzed asymmetric C–C bond activation/carbonylation of cyclobutanones with CO has been developed. This reaction provided an efficient method for the synthesis of chiral indanones bearing a quaternary carbon stereocenter in good yields with an excellent enantiomeric ratio, exhibiting good functional group tolerance. Transformations of the products to chiral 3,4-dihydroquinolin-2(1H)-one and 1H-indene further demonstrated the versatility of this reaction

The three main dense modules of DEGs.

<p>Each circled or triangle point represents a node in the network and each line represents the interaction between two nodes. Red node: up-expressed gene; green node: down-expressed gene; gray node: background gene; triangle node: gene included in the enriched pathway.</p

Immunohistochemical labeling of normal oral mucosa (A,D,G), oral leukoplakia (B,E,H) and oral squamous cell carcinoma (G,H,I) for MMP9 (A,B,C), BGH3 (D,E,F) and PDIA3 (G,H,I).

<p>Brown staining represents positive expression of proteins. MMP9 expression in stroma cells is low (A). Positive MMP9 cytoplasmic staining of basal cells in OLK (B). Strong nuclear and cytoplasmic MMP9 staining of OSCC (C). Negative BGH3 expression in NOM (D). Weak or moderate BGH3 staining of the basement membrane in OLK (E). Strong positive BGH3 expression in tumor basement membrane and extracellular skeletal stroma of OSCC (F). Negative PDIA3 staining in NOM (G). Moderate to strong PDIA3 staining in the cytoplasm and nucleus of OLK epithelium cells (H). High PDIA3 expression in the cytoplasm and cell membrane of OSCC (I).</p

Molecular Cloning and Characterization of Galactinol Synthases in Camellia sinensis with Different Responses to Biotic and Abiotic Stressors

Galactinol synthase (GolS) is a key biocatalyst for the synthesis of raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFOs). RFOs accumulation plays a critical role in abiotic stress adaptation, but the relationship between expression of <i>GolS</i> genes and biotic stress adaptation remains unclear. In this study, two <i>CsGolS</i> genes were found to be highly up-regulated in a transcriptome library of Ectropic oblique-attacked Camellia sinensis. Three complete <i>CsGolS</i> genes were then cloned and characterized. Gene transcriptional analyses under biotic and abiotic stress conditions indicated that the <i>CsGolS1</i> gene was sensitive to water deficit, low temperature, and abscisic acid, while <i>CsGolS2</i> and <i>CsGolS3</i> genes were sensitive to pest attack and phytohormones. The gene regulation and RFOs determination results indicated that <i>CsGolS1</i> was primarily related to abiotic stress and <i>CsGolS2</i> and <i>CsGolS3</i> were related to biotic stress. GolS-mediated biotic stress adaptations have not been studied in depth, so further analysis of this new biological function is required

Additional file 1: of MetaTopics: an integration tool to analyze microbial community profile by topic model

Supplementary methods, figures and tables. (DOCX 799 kb