"I Don\u27t Mind Being Poor" : Capitalism, Music, and Youth Culture in 21st Century Japan

失われた20年と日本研究のこれから（京都 : 2015年6月30日-7月2日）・失われた20年と日本社会の変容（ハーバード : 2015年11月13日

Disability, sport and the limits of law

Disability, sport and the law are three concepts which have rarely been linked in academic research. This thesis attempts to fill a gap by drawing these concepts together, in relation to public law and human rights, discrimination, education, planning and health and safety. Chapter 1 establishes frames of reference for the ensuing analysis of how the law can be applied to the participation of disabled people in sport. Some reasons for focussing the study of disability rights law on sport are provided; and different legal issues arising in the context of ‘mainstream’ and ‘disability specific’ sport are explored. The chapter then considers the framework of sports governance, and the powers of the courts in relation to sports organisations. Chapter 2 examines models and definitions of disability and the fundamental purpose of discrimination law, as it relates to sport. It concludes that current law insufficiently interprets progressive models of disability. It also concludes that the political and legal purpose of discrimination law in this context may be better understood in terms of ‘social inclusion’, rather than the more orthodox concept of ‘equality’. Chapter 3 considers rights which indirectly impact on participation in sport and it also considers the possible evolution of a ‘new’ right to sport. To facilitate this, a comparative examination is made of three different ‘models’: 1) bills of rights and the European Convention on Human Rights, as adopted into the Law of Scotland; 2) the Treaty of Lisbon and the constitutional model; 3) international human rights law and the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. The chapter concludes that it is probably too early to posit a legal right to sport for disabled people, but that the combined impact of other human rights have some force – in particular the right to be free from discrimination. Chapter 4 then explores the fundamental characteristics of disability discrimination rights contained in domestic legislation, in the context of sports services. Enforcement mechanisms and ‘fourth generation’ equality law are considered. The chapter ends by noting how this area of the law may evolve in the light of current reforms. Chapter 5 considers disability education law, discussing judicial interpretation of debates about integration in, or segregation from, mainstream and ‘special’ sport in education. The courts may be justified in hesitating when they are asked to consider matters which are traditionally regarded as areas of public policy rather than of law. Lastly, Chapter 6 considers physical barriers to participation in sport by disabled people, focussing on discrimination issues in terms of planning and health and safety. The perception of the disabled athlete as a ‘threat’ to sport has influenced the way that the law has largely failed to protect disabled participants, specifically in relation to the ‘health and safety justification’ defence, which allows organisations to exclude disabled people from participating

Co-ordination, co-operation and control in pre-school services.

The central issue addressed in this study is that of control over the pre-school field, which is seen as an "arena" between family and state within which competing claims are resolved. An analysis of documents and literature relating to the emergence of a separately defined pre-school period, demonstrates that in Britain pre-school policy has developed in four clearly defined phases. Each shift of the boundary between family and state has been influenced by changes in theories and commonly-held views of the young child in the family. A "biologistic" phase gave way to a period which was influenced by psychoanalytic theory, which in turn was superseded by a developmental phase. In recent years a "new maternalism" has emerged which has influenced policy, stressing co-ordination and co-operation. These two key policies are then examined in a detailed study of the network of 215 workers, in Battersea, involving interviews, questionnaires, observations and the analysis of policy documents. The network acts to co-ordinate services only at a formal level in terms of links between professional pre-school workers. Links with more informal, community-based provision are limited. An analysis of attitudes and practices in relation to co-operation gives support to these observations. Attitudes, in particular "voluntarism" and "professionalism" relate to location within the network. In the light of the nature of the network observed, it is useful to analyse the range of provision in Battersea in terms of a typology, ranging from "closed" forms of provision to more "open" ones. Movements from the former to the latter have been supported by the "new maternalism" but because of the failure to address the issue of control, these moves are seen as an attempt more effectively to police the pre-school

International best practices in managing unplanned disruption to suburban rail services

This paper analyses the management approaches of passenger railways towards unplanned disruption of service, and provides examples of best practices from suburban railways around the world. The priority of participating railways is to return service to normal as quickly as possible and provide at least some services on core routes. The greatest challenges include the provision of accurate and consistent information, arranging alternative transport and the need to make fast decisions. The paper highlights a number of best practices, such as the use of ‘Central Crisis Rooms’ as the focal point for all disruption management, including decision making, CCTV coverage of affected areas and liaison with alternative transport providers

Consumers' Perception of Food-System Vulnerability to an Agroterrorist Attack

This paper uses results from a 2004 survey (N=1,010) on consumer attitudes toward agroterrorism and food-system security to investigate heterogeneous attributes affecting vulnerability including risk perceptions and fear. Using 15 separate multinomial PROBIT regressions we distinguish between vulnerability on a number of aspects of food-system security including food type and position in the food-supply chain. Vulnerability is not found to be common across food groups or respondents, and a variety of distinguishing characteristics can be used to investigate how individuals might perceive vulnerability.Agribusiness, Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety,

Barefoot versus Shod Training: Effects on Navicular Drop and Foot Pressure Analysis

Background and Purpose: Running is a popular form of exercise around the world. The running population generally runs in a rear-foot strike pattern (RFSP), yet there is questioning on the possible benefits of running in a forefoot strike pattern (FFSP). The main goal of FFSP is the possible reduction of running related injuries by reducing the stress on the medial longitudinal arch. The purpose of this research study is to determine if a barefoot running retraining program will have an effect on navicular drop height, plantar pressure area, and peak plantar pressure of the medial aspect of the foot. Material/Methods: Eleven first and second year physical therapy students participated in this study. Each subject was randomly assigned to a barefoot running group (N = 6) and shod running group (N =5). Measurements of foot pronation were taken using the navicular drop test. Spatiotemporal foot pressures and area were evaluated through the GAITRite® system to measure plantar pressure area and peak plantar pressure. Each subject completed pre-testing a week prior to beginning a 5-week retraining program designed from relevant literature. Post-testing was completed one week following the retraining program to assess changes in arch dynamics. The data collected from the pre- and post-testing was processed and analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software. An alpha (α) level \u3c0.05 was used to determine statistical significance. Following the completion of the study, a post survey was used to determine subject’s perception of this study. Results: The statistically significant result came from the barefoot running group, in which peak plantar pressure decreased in foot division 6 from 0.70 to 0.2920 (p=0.035). There were no other statistically significant changes to note from the plantar pressure area or navicular drop examinations. The post survey results included the perceived adverse effects of pain along the heads of metatarsals, blisters and, muscle tightness. Discussion: There may be clinical relevance for barefoot running versus shod running despite the lack of statistically significant results from this study. Due to the one statistically significant result coming from a dynamic assessment, it may be possible that barefoot running has more of an effect on foot pronation during dynamic activities as opposed to static activities. This increase in dynamic stability may lead to a decrease in running related injuries thus possibly making barefoot running a clinically relevant intervention. Limitations of this study included: a small sample size, narrow population, too rapid of running progression, running on treadmills with socks on, researcher did not remain blinded to subject group, length of the study was too short, inability to directly measure dynamic navicular drop, and GAITRite® mapping system provided occasionally inconsistent measurements with additional running/walking trials needed. Future research could address these limitations through creation of an ongoing study and/or open it to the public to improve subject population

Food Recalls and Food Safety Perceptions: The September 2006 Spinach Recall Case

This paper examines public perceptions on food safety particularly relating to spinach, which was subject of countrywide recall in 2006. Results indicate that food safety perceptions may be driven by public trust/confidence in institutions whose activities may be directly or indirectly related to food safety. The results further suggest that food safety perceptions may also be related to the type of the product; for example, the public perceives frozen spinach differently from bagged fresh spinach. Additionally, the results show that low levels of objective knowledge about food pathogens and the resulting illnesses have implications on overall food safety. Results further indicate that females and Caucasians perceived the four types of spinach as safe for consumption. This outcome contrasts with views held by young people, people with education below high school and those belonging to the lower incomes groups, who viewed the four types of spinach as unsafe. More attention should be directed toward public education and outreach efforts on overall food safety targeting the youth, low income groups and those with education below high school. In addition, there is need for the regulatory agencies to put their act together, given current low levels of public trust in their role of safeguarding the food supply.Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety,

An analysis of the standardisation of forensic reports for court

The aim of this study is to determine the standardisation and conformance of the forensic reports issued by the South African Police Service Division Forensic Service in accordance with the service’s Standard Operating Procedure on report writing, and to outline the basic requirements for a forensic report in conjunction with the pre-requisites of the Criminal Procedure Act, 51 of 1977, and other prescribed prescripts. Data was collected through interviews conducted with forensic analysts attached to the Forensic Science Laboratory and Quality Management Components which includes the Ballistics, Biology, Chemistry and Questioned Documents Sections. These interviews provided a first-hand understanding of participants’ experiences relating to the standardisation of the forensic reports issued by the Division Forensic Service. The findings of the research indicate the forensic reports issued by the various sections of the Division Forensic Service are not standardised for court purposes. Furthermore, it was discovered that these forensic reports do not comply with the requirements of the Criminal Procedure Act, 51 of 1977. In addition, it was found that the Standard Operating Procedure on report writing does not effectively communicate procedures for writing a forensic report. Based on these findings, this study proposes general and fundamental recommendations by means of a proposed framework for the standardisation of forensic reports used for court purposes. This proposed framework convincingly presents practical solutions to address the identified shortcomings of forensic reports used for court purposes and thus contributes to the current body of scholarship on forensic science.Criminology and Security Scienc