14 research outputs found
Plasticity of metallic nanostructures : molecular dynamics simulations
During high speed cutting processes, metals are subject to high strains and
strain rates. The dynamic nature of the deformation during high speed cutting
makes it difficult to detect atomic scale deformation mechanisms experimentally.
Atomic scale plasticity behaviour is often studied using various micromachining
techniques such as micropillar compression testing, nanoindentation, and
nanoscratching. However, strain rates in micromachining experiments are far
lower than those seen during high speed cutting. Atomistic simulations can be
used to study high strain rate plasticity at nanometre length scales. In this
thesis, we present results from molecular dynamics simulations of plasticity in
nanostructures. Results from simulations of uniaxial strain of both bcc and fcc
nanopillars are presented. We find that the outcomes of these uniaxial strain
simulations depend sensitively on the initial configurations of the systems. In
particular, the choice of crystallographic surfaces on the faces of the pillars and
the means by which strain is implemented in the simulations can affect the
simulation results. We find that the twinning anti-twinning asymmetry in bcc
materials causes nanopillars to deform by dislocation glide in compression and by
twinning in tension. This explains the compression tension asymmetry reported
experimentally in bcc micropillars. We find that deformation is mediated by glide
of shockley partials in fcc pillars for compressive and tensile strains. Simulations
of pure shear of nanocrystalline Fe are also presented. We find a change in
deformation mechanisms for this system when at high temperatures. At low
temperatures, plasticity is mediated in part by dislocation glide and twinning.
However, at temperatures above 1200K the deformation is dominated by grain
boundary sliding, recrystallization, and amorphization
Calculating restaurant failure rates using longitudinal census data
Failure rates in the restaurant industry are popularly perceived to be far higher than they actually are. This paper calculates failure rates in the Irish Food and Drinks Sector (IFDS), for the first time, using longitudinal census data from the Central Statistics Office (CSO) in Ireland, which follows the European statistical classification of economic activity (NACE). The results are compared with previously published literature on restaurant failure rates in the United States of America. This study also compares IFDS failure rates with other industry sectors in Ireland (construction, manufacturing). Drawing on Stinchcombe’s ’liability of newness’ theory, the informal fallacies theory ’Argumentum ad Populum’, and critical success factors (CSFs) for restaurants theory, the paper explores restaurant failure rates both in Ireland and internationally. The research finds that the average failure rates for the IFDS are 15% after one year; 37.62% after three years; and 53.06% after five years in business, which, although marginally higher than other industry sectors in Ireland, are considerably lower than popularly perceived. Comparisons with previous studies in the United States of America shows that Irish rates are significantly lower, particularly in the first few years. The methodology can be replicated to provide comparative studies between other European countries using the NACE classifications. The results may assist in ensuring that future policy decisions made by governments, financial institutions and other restaurant/ hospitality industry groups are more empirically based and better informed
In-plane Sensitive Electronic Speckle Pattern Interferometer using a Diffractive Holographic Optical Element
We describe a student project in electronic speckle pattern interferometry. The project includes holographic recording of diffraction gratings in thick, self-processing photopolymer layers made from off-the-shelf chemicals. The gratings are employed in a simple electronic speckle pattern interferometer to measure in-plane rotation
Chefs’ Perspectives of Failures in Foodservice Kitchens, part 2: A phenomenological Exploration of the Consequences and Handling of Food Production Failure
This paper explores the consequences of food production failure (FPF) and its handling in foodservice operations from the perspective of chefs. A phenomenological epistemology and qualitative methodology were followed. Fifteen semi-structured interviews with chefs working in independent restaurants and hotels were carried out using purposive sampling, and employing an emic posture. Interviews were transcribed verbatim, read repetitively, and coded. Thematic analysis yielded themes on the consequences of FPF, on operation and staff, handling failures with kitchen staff, front of the house (FOH), and management. The findings revealed that the major ramification of FPF is financial through food loss. Representing both internal and external failure costs, FPF costs were classified into four tangible types: bin cost, rework cost, lost sales cost, and recovery cost. However, the serious intangible cost of staff demoralization was also identified. Handling failure is a complex task involving different parties and the management of various emotions (anger, frustration, etc.). Furthermore, the phenomena of failure ownership, secrecy, and historic marginalization of chefs, coupled with doubts over management competency, can all obstruct learning from mistakes, the much-cherished by product of FPF, thereby negating the notion of the “learning organization.” Moreover, error management training (EMT) seems to be a potential approach to combat FPF
Chefs’ Perspectives of Failures in Foodservice Kitchens, Part 1: A phenomenological exploration of the concepts, types, and causes of food production failure
Customers visit restaurants for varying reasons ranging from utilitarian – to satisfy hunger – to hedonistic – displaying cultural capital (Bourdieu, 1984) more recently theorized as culinary capital (Naccarato & Lebesco, 2012). Restaurants are even more significant in the new ‘experience economy’ (Pine & Gilmore, 1998) where lunch or dinner are conceptualized as ‘meal experiences.’ There is widespread acceptance of the pivotal role (about 33% of tourist spend) that food now plays in the tourism product of any country (Quigley et al., 2019)
Shear melting and high temperature embrittlement:theory and application to machining titanium
We describe a dynamical phase transition occurring within a shear band at
high temperature and under extremely high shear rates. With increasing
temperature, dislocation deformation and grain boundary sliding is supplanted
by amorphization in a highly localized nanoscale band, which allows massive
strain and fracture. The mechanism is similar to shear melting and leads to
liquid metal embrittlement at high temperature. From simulation, we find that
the necessary conditions are, lack of dislocation slip systems, low thermal
conduction and temperature near the melting point. The first two are exhibited
by bcc titanium alloys, and we show that the final one can be achieved
experimentally by adding low-melting point elements: specifically we use
insoluble rare earth metals (REMs). Under high shear, the REM becomes mixed
with the titanium, lowering the melting point within the shear band and
triggering the shear-melting transition. This in turn generates heat which
remains localized in the shear band due to poor heat conduction. The material
fractures along the shear band. We show how to utilize this transition in the
creation of new titanium-based alloys with improved machinability.Comment: Accepted for PR
Molecular dynamics simulations of compression–tension asymmetry in plasticity of Fe nanopillars
Tension-compression asymmetry is a notable feature of plasticity in bcc
single crystals. Recent experiments reveal striking differences in the
plasticity of bcc nanopillars for tension and compression. Here we present
results from molecular dynamics simulations of nanopillars of bcc Fe in tension
and compression. We find that a totally different deformation mechanism applies
in each cases: dislocation glide in compression and twinning in tension. This
difference explains experimentally-observed asymmetry in the nanopillar
morphology