The risks of exposure to internal emitters

The risks to health from internally deposited radionuclides have received considerable attention in recent years. There are significant issues concerned with exposure to internal emitters beyond those associated with the risks posed by external sources of penetrating ionizing radiations, and these issues lead to additional uncertainty in risk estimates pertaining to internal emitters. There is, however, no firm evidence that the risks from internally deposited radioactive material have been seriously underestimated by scientific review groups, but the uncertainties associated with the risks of exposure to internal emitters need to be taken into account in radiological protection