Epidemiología de la enfermedad de Chagas en pueblos originarios del Chaco Santafesino

Tesis - Maestría en Salud Pública - Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Médicas. Escuela de Salud Pública, 2019.INTRODUCTION: Chagas disease (ChD) is endemic in Latin America, and it coincides with the presence of the vector. In the Eco Chaco Region, rural populations are scattered and poor accessibility, generating increased vulnerability. The aboriginal peoples (AP) in this region are largely rural, and with very unfavorable sociodemographic indicators. Mocovíes are settled mainly in rural and urban communities in Chaco and Santa Fe. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the seroprevalence of ChD in AP of the Province of Santa Fe, to identify the risk factors for the disease, and to evaluate if there is a relationship between these variables. METHODS: A descriptive, cross-sectional study was carried out in the original population older than 1 year of three communities in the North of the Province of Santa Fe. There were analysis for ChD and the heads of families who wanted to participate in the study to obtain sociodemographic and environmental data were surveyed. RESULTS: A prevalence of 18.45% was found, and when the houses with at least one infected partner was related to the head of family´s level of education, a statistically significant association was found too. DISCUSSION: The prevalence found in AP is higher than the national average, but lower than that described for other AP of the Eco Region. Low levels of home schooling and their association with at least one infected home confirm the marginality and exclusion still suffered by AP in Santa Fe. Public policies are needed to reduce inequities and repair the historical debt with these peoples.INTRODUCCIÓN: La enfermedad de Chagas (ECh) es endémica en América Latina, y coincide con la presencia del vector. En la Eco Región del Gran Chaco, las poblaciones rurales son dispersas y de escasa accesibilidad, generando mayor vulnerabilidad. Los pueblos originarios (PO) de ésta región son en gran parte rurales, y con indicadores sociodemográficos muy desfavorables. Los mocovíes, el pueblo originario más numeroso en Santa Fe, se asientan principalmente en comunidades rurales y urbanas de Chaco y Santa Fe. OBJETIVO: Analizar la prevalencia de la infección chagásica en PO de la Provincia de Santa Fe, identificar los factores de riesgo actuales para la ECh, y evaluar si existe asociación entre dichas variables. METODOLOGÍA: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, transversal, en mayores de 1 año, de tres comunidades en el norte santafesino. Se realizaron análisis para ECh y encuestaron a los jefes de hogar que desearon participar del estudio, para obtener datos sociodemográficos y ambientales. RESULTADOS: Se halló 18,45% de seroprevalencia, y asociación estadísticamente significativa entre las viviendas con al menos una persona infectada y el nivel de escolaridad del jefe de hogar. DISCUSIÓN: La prevalencia de ECh en estos PO es mayor a la media nacional, pero menor respecto a otros PO de la Eco Región. Los bajos niveles de escolaridad de jefes de hogar, y su asociación con las viviendas con al menos un infectado, confirman la marginalidad y exclusión que ellos aún padecen. Se necesitan políticas públicas que disminuyan las inequidades y reparen la deuda histórica hacia los PO.2021-09-27Fil: Colussi, Carlina Leila. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas. Centro de Investigaciones sobre Endemias Nacionales; Argentina

Seroprevalence of Chagas disease in urban and rural indigenous populations of the south of Gran Chaco

Background: In Latin America, Chagas disease is endemic, with a high prevalence in rural indigenous communities and an increasing prevalence in urban areas owing to migration from rural areas with active vector transmission. This study aimed to assess differences in the prevalence of Chagas disease in urban and rural moqoit communities, one of the main ethnic indigenous groups in the south of Gran Chaco. Methods: A seroprevalence study was conducted in six moqoit populations in the Santa Fe province, Argentina. The variables studied were serology results for Chagas disease, residents of urban or rural areas, age, and sex. Results: The results showed that 9.26% of the 702 volunteers evaluated and 18.32% of the 131women of childbearing potential were seropositive. According to the calculated prevalence ratio, the prevalence of Chagas disease in urban communities was6.41 (95% confidence inverval: 3.73-11.02) times higher than that in rural communities: 21.59% in urban communities vs. 3.37%in rural communities. Conclusions: The seroprevalence found in the moqoit community was higher than the estimated level for the general population of the same region, with a greater impact in urban areas than in rural areas. The urbanization of groups of people with poor socio-sanitary conditions in the second half of the 20th century could have caused this higher seroprevalence of Chagas disease.Fil: Colussi, Carlina Leila. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas. Centro de Investigaciones sobre Endemias Nacionales; ArgentinaFil: Stafuza, Mariana. Gobierno de la Provincia de Santa Fe. Hospital Central de Reconquista Olga Stucky de Rizzi; ArgentinaFil: Nepote, Marcelo Carlos. Gobierno de la Provincia de Santa Fe. Ministerio de Salud. Programa Provincial de Control de la Enfermedad de Chagas.; ArgentinaFil: Mendicino, Diego Antonio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas. Centro de Investigaciones sobre Endemias Nacionales; Argentin

Prenatal risk factors for selected congenital anomalies development: A case-control pilot study in postpartum women from Argentina

Introduction: Congenital anomalies (CAs) are abnormalities in intrauterine development and are one of the main causes of burden disease, especially in low and middle-income countries. Many environmental and maternal risk factors could lead to these pathologies. The aim of this study was to identify different types of CAs, determine their frequency and identify their possible association with maternal sociodemographic and lifestyle risk factors among patients from Santa Fe Province, Argentina. Material and methods: An observational cases and control pilot study was conducted in 2018 and 2019 on 280 postpartum mothers of newborn babies with any CA (cases, n = 64) and without a CA (controls, n = 216) attending public hospitals. A face-to-face questionnaire was completed, and clinical histories were required to obtain information on maternal sociodemographic factors, gynecological events, health state, lifestyle habits and child diagnoses. Results: Polymalphormations and neural tube defects were the most frequent CA observed. Differences between cases and control groups, as well as between places of residence, were given by gestational age, type of delivery and newborn birth weight, all of which are preventable variables. A slight association between maternal diabetes and the occurrence of cases was found. Discussion: Maternal place of origin is a factor of inequity in terms of gynecology variables which describes a deeper background in sanitary reality from Santa Fe Province that would have a large impact on future adults born preterm. The results highlight the necessity of generating both sanitary tools for maternal-child health policies and environmental evaluations, which remains a permanent challenge of the Argentine public health system.Fil: Colussi, Carlina Leila. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas. Cátedra de Toxicología y Bioquímica Legal; ArgentinaFil: Racigh, Nora. Gobierno de la Provincia de Santa Fe. Hospital de Niños Doctor Orlando Alassia.; ArgentinaFil: Poletta, Gisela Laura. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas. Cátedra de Toxicología y Bioquímica Legal; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe; ArgentinaFil: Simoniello, Maria Fernanda. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas. Cátedra de Toxicología y Bioquímica Legal; Argentin

Blood biomarkers of common toad Rhinella arenarum following chlorpyrifos dermal exposure

Chlorpyrifos (CPF) is a broad spectrum pesticide commonly used for insect control, has great affinity for lipids and is thus a potential for bioaccumulation in aquatic organisms. The aim of this study was to evaluate the toxicity of CPF using the common toad Rhinella arenarum via dermal uptake in plastic bucket to simulate their natural exposition in ponds. R. arenarum toads were exposed individually to solutions containing a nominal concentration of a commercial formulation of CPF insecticide (5 and 10 mg/L). Different enzyme biomarkers (BChE: butyrylcholinesterase, CbE: carboxylesterase, and CAT: catalase) were measured in blood tissue after exposition. The capacity of pyridine-2-aldoxime methochloride (2-PAM) to reverse OP-inhibited plasma BChE and the ratio of heterophils and lymphocytes (H/L) as hematological indicators of stress were also determined. The normal values of plasma B-sterases (BChE and CbE) were highly inhibited (until ≈ 70%) in toads 48 h after exposure to CPF. The results indicate that 2-PAM produced BChE reactivation as well. The activity of CAT was also inducted for dermal exposure at more than double of that in the control toads (CPF; 5 mg/L). H/L ratios did not reveal a significantly increased stress. The study suggests that CPF via dermal uptake induced neurotoxicity and oxidative stress in the common toad R. areanum. Thus, some blood biomarkers employed in our study (i.e. BChE, CbE, 2-PAM, and CAT) might be used as predictors in health and ecological risk assessment of amphibian populations exposed to CPF.Fil: Lajmanovich, Rafael Carlos. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas. Laboratorio de Saneamiento Ambiental. Cátedra de Ecotoxicología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe; ArgentinaFil: Peltzer, Paola Mariela. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas. Laboratorio de Saneamiento Ambiental. Cátedra de Ecotoxicología; ArgentinaFil: Attademo, Andres Maximiliano. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas. Laboratorio de Saneamiento Ambiental. Cátedra de Ecotoxicología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe; ArgentinaFil: Colussi, Carlina Leila. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas. Laboratorio de Saneamiento Ambiental. Cátedra de Ecotoxicología; ArgentinaFil: Martinuzzi, Candela Soledad. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas. Laboratorio de Saneamiento Ambiental. Cátedra de Ecotoxicología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe; Argentin

Risk of chlorine dioxide as emerging contaminant during SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: enzyme, cardiac, and behavior effects on amphibian tadpoles

Objective The use of chlorine dioxide (ClO2) increased in the last year to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection due to its use as disinfectant and therapeutic human treatments against viral infections. The absence of toxicological studies and sanitary regulation of this contaminant represents a serious threat to human and environmental health worldwide. The aim of this study was to evaluate the acute toxicity and sublethal efects of ClO2 on tadpoles of Trachycephalus typhonius, which is a common bioindicator species of contamination from aquatic ecosystems. Materials and methods Median lethal concentration (LC50), the lowest-observed efect concentration (LOEC), and the noobserved efect concentration (NOEC) were performed. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activities, swimming behavior parameters, and cardiac rhythm were estimated on tadpoles of concentrations≤LOEC exposed at 24 and 96 h. ANOVA and Dunnett’s post-hoc comparisons were performed to defne treatments signifcance (p≤0.05). Results The LC50 of ClO2 was 4.17 mg L−1 (confdence limits: 3.73–4.66). In addition, NOEC and LOEC values were 1.56 and 3.12 mg L−1 ClO2, respectively, at 48 h. AChE and GST activities, swimming parameters, and heart rates increased in sublethal exposure of ClO2 (0.78–1.56 mg L−1) at 24 h. However, both enzyme activities and swimming parameters decreased, whereas heart rates increased at 96 h. Conclusion Overall, this study determined that sublethal concentrations of ClO2 produced alterations on antioxidant systems, neurotoxicity refected on swimming performances, and variations in cardiac rhythm on treated tadpoles. Thus, our fndings highlighted the need for urgent monitoring of this chemical in the aquatic ecosystems.Fil: Peltzer, Paola. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas; ArgentinaFil: Cuzziol Boccioni, Ana Paula. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas; ArgentinaFil: Attademo, Andres Maximiliano. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Martinuzzi, Candela Soledad. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas; ArgentinaFil: Colussi, Carlina Leila. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas; ArgentinaFil: Lajmanovich, Rafael Carlos. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas; Argentin

First evaluation of novel potential synergistic effects of glyphosate and arsenic mixture on Rhinella arenarum (Anura: Bufonidae) tadpoles

The toxicity of glyphosate-based herbicide (GBH) and arsenite (As(III)) as individual toxicants and in mixture(50:50 v/v, GBH-As(III)) was determined in Rhinella arenarum tadpoles during acute (48 h) and chronic assays (22days). In both types of assays, the levels of enzymatic activity [Acetylcholinesterase (AChE), Carboxylesterase(CbE), and Glutathione S-transferase (GST)] and the levels of thyroid hormones (triiodothyronine; T3 andthyroxine; T4) were examined. Additionally, the mitotic index (MI) of red blood cells (RBCs) and DNA damageindex were calculated for the chronic assay. The results showed that the LC50 values at 48 h were 45.95 mg/L forGBH, 37.32 mg/L for As(III), and 30.31 mg/L for GBH-As(III) (with similar NOEC ¼ 10 mg/L and LOEC ¼ 20 mg/L between the three treatments). In the acute assay, Marking´s additive index (S ¼ 2.72) indicated synergistictoxicity for GBH-As(III). In larvae treated with GBH and As(III) at the NOEC-48h (10 mg/L), AChE activityincreased by 36.25% and 33.05% respectively, CbE activity increased by 22.25% and 39.05 % respectively, andGST activity increased by 46.75% with the individual treatment with GBH and by 131.65 % with the GBH-As(III)mixture. Larvae exposed to the GBH-As(III) mixture also showed increased levels of T4 (25.67 %). In the chronicassay at NOEC-48h/8 (1.25 mg/L), As(III) and GBH-As(III) inhibited AChE activity (by 39.46 % and 35.65%,respectively), but did not alter CbE activity. In addition, As(III) highly increased (93.7 %) GST activity. GBHAs(III)increased T3 (97.34%) and T4 (540.93%) levels. Finally, GBH-As(III) increased the MI of RBCs andDNA damage. This study demonstrated strong synergistic toxicity of the GBH-As(III) mixture, negatively alteringantioxidant systems and thyroid hormone levels, with consequences on RBC proliferation and DNA damage intreated R. arenarum tadpoles.Fil: Lajmanovich, Rafael Carlos. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas. Laboratorio de Saneamiento Ambiental. Cátedra de Ecotoxicología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe; ArgentinaFil: Peltzer, Paola. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas. Laboratorio de Saneamiento Ambiental. Cátedra de Ecotoxicología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe; ArgentinaFil: Attademo, Andres Maximiliano. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas. Laboratorio de Saneamiento Ambiental. Cátedra de Ecotoxicología; ArgentinaFil: Martinuzzi, Candela Soledad. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas. Laboratorio de Saneamiento Ambiental. Cátedra de Ecotoxicología; ArgentinaFil: Simoniello, María F.. Universidad Nacional del Litoral; ArgentinaFil: Colussi, Carlina Leila. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas. Laboratorio de Saneamiento Ambiental. Cátedra de Ecotoxicología; ArgentinaFil: Cuzziol Boccioni, Ana Paula. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas. Laboratorio de Saneamiento Ambiental. Cátedra de Ecotoxicología; ArgentinaFil: Sigrist, Mirna. Universidad Nacional del Litoral; Argentin

Insecticide pyriproxyfen (Dragón®) damage biotransformation, thyroid hormones, heart rate, and swimming performance of Odontophrynus americanus tadpoles

Odontoprynus americanus tadpoles were used to determine the safety concentration of pyriproxyfen (PPF) insecticide by acute and sublethal toxicity tests (nominal range tested 0.01 to 10 [± 15%] PPF mg/L). Median lethal concentration (LC50) and no, and lowest-observed-effect concentrations (NOEC and LOEC, respectively) were calculated. We also assessed the effect on the activities of glutathione S-transferse (GST), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and carboxylesterase (CbE) and compared to control (CO) tadpoles. Based on the 48-h NOEC value, two sublethal concentrations of PPF (0.01 and 0.1 mg/L) were assayed to detect effects on enzymes activities (GST and CbE), thyroid hormone´s levels (triiodothyronine; T3 and thyroxine; T4), heart function, and tadpoles swimming behaviour. The results showed that the LC50 values of O. americanus tadpoles were 3.73 PPF mg/L and 2.51 PPF mg/L at 24-h and 48-h, respectively (NOEC = 0.1 mg/L; LOEC = 1 mg/L, for both times). PPF concentrations at 48 h, induced enzymatic activities such as GST (212.98%?242.94%), AChE (142.15%?165.08%), and CbE (141.86%?87.14%) significantly respect to COs. During the 22 days of chronic PPF exposure, GST (0.01 mg/L 88%?153% NOEC), AChE (177.82% NOEC), and T4 (70% NOEC) also significantly increased respect to COs. Similarly, heart rate (fH) and ventricular cycle length (VV interval) in CO tadpoles were significantly higher than PPF treated. Finally, at NOEC tadpoles exhibited significant effects on the behavioral endpoint (swimming distance, mean speed, and global activity; P < 0.05).Fil: Lajmanovich, Rafael Carlos. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Litoral; ArgentinaFil: Peltzer, Paola. Universidad Nacional del Litoral; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Martinuzzi, Candela Soledad. Universidad Nacional del Litoral; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Attademo, Andres Maximiliano. Universidad Nacional del Litoral; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Basso, Agustin. Universidad Nacional del Litoral; ArgentinaFil: Colussi, Carlina Leila. Universidad Nacional del Litoral; Argentin

The ecological risks of BT crops in amphibians: possible effects of insect-resistant intacta RR2 PRO® soybean diets on Leptodactylus Gracilis tadpoles

The toxic or nutritionally deleterious effects resulting from theconsumption of genetically modified (GM) foods are still a matter ofdebate worldwide. In amphibians, the environmental impact of theBacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxin (e.g., Cry proteins) engineered into GMBt crops is barely known. Thus, the aim of the present study was toevaluate the possible effects of a diet based on GM Bt-soybean in contrastwith a common vegetable diet (lettuce) on Leptodactylus gracilistadpoles. We evaluated their growth performance, histological changes inthe intestine, and some hematological parameters as indicators ofphysiological stress. In the laboratory, tadpoles were either fed with greenBt-soybean leaves for 15 days or with lettuce leaves (controls). Bothtreatments resulted in a low mortality rate (less than 3%) during theexperimental period. No external anomalies were detected anddevelopment Gosner stages were similar (36-37). However, larvae fed onlettuce grew faster and reached a larger size and greater weight than Btsoybean-fed tadpoles. Thus, the Bt-soybean diet may have inducedhistopathological changes in the tadpole intestine (greater thickness of theintestinal wall) and some cytotoxic effects on erythrocytes (lower mitoticindex and anisocytosis). Our preliminary results highlight the potentialeffects of a diet based on Bt-soybean leaves on L. gracilis tadpoles.Further research is needed to evaluate the ecotoxicological risk oftransgenic insecticidal proteins on non-target herbivores due to themassive use of Bt crops.Fil: Lajmanovich, Rafael Carlos. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas. Laboratorio de Saneamiento Ambiental. Cátedra de Ecotoxicología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe; ArgentinaFil: Martinuzzi, Candela Soledad. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas. Laboratorio de Saneamiento Ambiental. Cátedra de Ecotoxicología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe; ArgentinaFil: Colussi, Carlina Leila. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas. Laboratorio de Saneamiento Ambiental. Cátedra de Ecotoxicología; ArgentinaFil: Peltzer, Paola. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas. Laboratorio de Saneamiento Ambiental. Cátedra de Ecotoxicología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe; ArgentinaFil: Basso, Agustin. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas. Laboratorio de Saneamiento Ambiental. Cátedra de Ecotoxicología; ArgentinaFil: Attademo, Andres Maximiliano. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas. Laboratorio de Saneamiento Ambiental. Cátedra de Ecotoxicología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe; ArgentinaFil: Curi, Luciana Romina. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas. Laboratorio de Saneamiento Ambiental. Cátedra de Ecotoxicología; Argentin

B-esterases and Behavioral Biomarkers in Tadpoles Exposed to Pesticide Pyrethroid-TRISADA®

Objective: The ecotoxic effects of pesticide used for mosquito’s control TRISADA ® (TRI) [deltamethrin (D) 1%+tetramethrin (T) 0.33%, and piperonyl butoxide (PB) 0.29%] on amphibian larvae were investigated. Methods: In the laboratory, Rhinella arenarum tadpoles were exposed to nominal concentrations of 0.0000 (control; CO), 0.0003125% (C1); 0.000625% (C2); 0.00125% (C3); 0.0025% (C4); 0.005% (C5) (v/v) of formulated TRI. Median lethal concentration (LC 50 ) (%) and 95% confidence limits (CL), the no-observedeffect concentration (NOEC), and the lowest-observedeffect concentration (LOEC) were quantified. The possible effects of TRI on B-esterases, evaluated through acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and carboxylesterase (CbE) activities, in addition to swimming performance (distance moved, mean speed, maximum speed, global activity, and resting time or immobility) were measured in tadpoles whose concentrations displayed survival rates higher than 50%. Results: The 48 h LC 50 of TRI was 0.00125% (v/v) [12.5 (D)+4.1 (T)+3.6 (PB); μg L -1 ] (CL: 0.000811- 0.001926%). The 48 h NOEC and LOEC values were 0.0003125% (v/v) [3.1 (D)+1 (T)+0.9 (PB); μg L -1 ] and 0.000625% (v/v) [6.2 (D) +2 (T) +1.8 (PB); μg L -1 ], respectively. At 48 h of exposure to upper sublethal TRI concentration assay (C3), AChE and CbE activities were significantly inhibited (68 and 84%, respectively) with respect to controls. Also, all the sublethal TRI concentrations caused significantly alterations of all swimming endpoints evaluated. Conclusion: The current study established that pesticide TRI is toxic to R. arenarum tadpoles and had detrimental effects on the B-sterases activities and swimming activity at TRI sublethal concentrations.Fil: Lajmanovich, Rafael Carlos. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas. Laboratorio de Saneamiento Ambiental. Cátedra de Ecotoxicología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe; ArgentinaFil: Peltzer, Paola. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas. Laboratorio de Saneamiento Ambiental. Cátedra de Ecotoxicología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe; ArgentinaFil: Martinuzzi, Candela Soledad. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas. Laboratorio de Saneamiento Ambiental. Cátedra de Ecotoxicología; ArgentinaFil: Attademo, Andres Maximiliano. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas. Laboratorio de Saneamiento Ambiental. Cátedra de Ecotoxicología; ArgentinaFil: Basso, Agustin. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas. Laboratorio de Saneamiento Ambiental. Cátedra de Ecotoxicología; ArgentinaFil: Maglianese, Mariana I.. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas. Laboratorio de Saneamiento Ambiental. Cátedra de Ecotoxicología; ArgentinaFil: Colussi, Carlina Leila. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas. Laboratorio de Saneamiento Ambiental. Cátedra de Ecotoxicología; Argentin