Superficies químicamente modificadas para la detección colorimétrica y eliminación de aniones de interés medioambiental en aguas

La presente tesis se ha desarrollado combinando conceptos de química supramolecular y ciencia de los materiales. En concreto, se planteó la Tesis Doctoral sobre la idea de desarrollar sensores sobre superficies silíceas para detectar especies de interés ambiental. En primer lugar, se ha llevado a cabo el desarrollo de un nuevo método colorimétrico en dos pasos para la detección de surfactantes aniónicos en aguas, en el cual no es necesario el uso de disolventes clorados. Para ello, se ha diseñado y preparado un sólido silíceo funcionalizado con una unidad coordinante de aniones como es el grupo imidazol. Tras producirse la interacción de dichas unidades con los surfactantes aniónicos, en un segundo paso se produce la extracción de un colorante desde la disolución al sólido preparado. La coloración del sólido es función de la concentración de surfactante presente en la muestra inicial, por lo que permite la detección a simple vista de la presencia de surfactantes en una muestra. En vista de los resultados obtenidos, se diseñó un nuevo material que fuera capaz de determinar surfactantes catiónicos. Para ello, se utilizó como unidad coordinante un derivado con un grupo sulfonato. Además de realizar un estudio de la respuesta de dichos materiales y la caracterización de los mismos, se han analizado muestra reales que indica la viabilidad de dichos sistemas para la detección de surfactantes. Basándose en los resultados anteriores, en segundo lugar se planteó la posibilidad de diseñar y preparar un material capaz de retener y eliminar surfactantes aniónicos de muestras acuosas. Se trabaja en este caso con sólidos mesoporosos que presentan una mayor superficie específica, lo que permite el anclaje de un mayor número de unidades coordinantes y por tanto eliminar mayor cantidad de surfactantes. Se estudió la capacidad de retención de los materiales funcionalizados en su superficie con grupos imidazol, amina y piridina.Coll Merino, MC. (2010). Superficies químicamente modificadas para la detección colorimétrica y eliminación de aniones de interés medioambiental en aguas [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/8723Palanci

Drug delivery nanosystems for the localized treatment of glioblastoma multiforme

[EN] Glioblastoma multiforme is one of the most prevalent and malignant forms of central nervous system tumors. The treatment of glioblastoma remains a great challenge due to its location in the intracranial space and the presence of the blood-brain tumor barrier. There is an urgent need to develop novel therapy approaches for this tumor, to improve the clinical outcomes, and to reduce the rate of recurrence and adverse effects associated with present options. The formulation of therapeutic agents in nanostructures is one of the most promising approaches to treat glioblastoma due to the increased availability at the target site, and the possibility to co-deliver a range of drugs and diagnostic agents. Moreover, the local administration of nanostructures presents significant additional advantages, since it overcomes blood-brain barrier penetration issues to reach higher concentrations of therapeutic agents in the tumor area with minimal side effects. In this paper, we aim to review the attempts to develop nanostructures as local drug delivery systems able to deliver multiple agents for both therapeutic and diagnostic functions for the management of glioblastoma.This research was funded by an Ussher start-up funding award (School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin) and the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under Grant agreement No. 708036.Nam, L.; Coll Merino, MC.; Erthal, L.; De La Torre-Paredes, C.; Serrano, D.; Martínez-Máñez, R.; Santos-Martinez, M.... (2018). Drug delivery nanosystems for the localized treatment of glioblastoma multiforme. Materials. 11(5). https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11050779S115Goodenberger, M. L., & Jenkins, R. B. (2012). Genetics of adult glioma. Cancer Genetics, 205(12), 613-621. doi:10.1016/j.cancergen.2012.10.009Louis, D. N., Ohgaki, H., Wiestler, O. D., Cavenee, W. K., Burger, P. C., Jouvet, A., … Kleihues, P. (2007). 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A., Leeds, N., & Pietronigro, D. (2003). Stereotactic Injection of DTI-015 into Recurrent Malignant Gliomas: Phase I/II Trial. Neoplasia, 5(1), 9-16. doi:10.1016/s1476-5586(03)80012-xBoiardi, A., Eoli, M., Salmaggi, A., Zappacosta, B., Fariselli, L., Milanesi, I., … Silvani, A. (2001). Journal of Neuro-Oncology, 54(1), 39-47. doi:10.1023/a:1012510513780Lidar, Z., Mardor, Y., Jonas, T., Pfeffer, R., Faibel, M., Nass, D., … Ram, Z. (2004). Convection-enhanced delivery of paclitaxel for the treatment of recurrent malignant glioma: a Phase I/II clinical study. Journal of Neurosurgery, 100(3), 472-479. doi:10.3171/jns.2004.100.3.0472Bruce, J. N., Fine, R. L., Canoll, P., Yun, J., Kennedy, B. C., Rosenfeld, S. S., … DeLaPaz, R. L. (2011). Regression of Recurrent Malignant Gliomas With Convection-Enhanced Delivery of Topotecan. Neurosurgery, 69(6), 1272-1280. doi:10.1227/neu.0b013e3182233e24Carpentier, A., Metellus, P., Ursu, R., Zohar, S., Lafitte, F., Barrie, M., … Carpentier, A. F. 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Non-invasive delivery of stealth, brain-penetrating nanoparticles across the blood − brain barrier using MRI-guided focused ultrasound. Journal of Controlled Release, 189, 123-132. doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.06.031Mead,

Gated Mesoporous Silica Nanocarriers for a "two-Step" Targeted System to Colonic Tissue

[EN] Colon targeted drug delivery is highly relevant not only to treat colonic local diseases but also for systemic therapies. Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) have been demonstrated as useful systems for controlled drug release given their biocompatibility and the possibility of designing gated systems able to release cargo only upon the presence of certain stimuli. We report herein the preparation of three gated MSNs able to deliver their cargo triggered by different stimuli (redox ambient (S1), enzymatic hydrolysis (S2), and a surfactant or being in contact with cell membrane (S3)) and their performance in solution and in vitro with Caco-2 cells. Safranin O dye was used as a model drug to track cargo fate. Studies of cargo permeability in Caco-2 monolayers demonstrated that intracellular safranin O levels were significantly higher in Caco-2 monolayers when using MSNs compared to those of free dye. Internalization assays indicated that S2 nanoparticles were taken up by cells via endocytosis. S2 nanoparticles were selected for in vivo tests in rats. For in vivo assays, capsules were filled with S2 nanoparticles and coated with Eudragit FS 30 D to target colon. The enteric coated capsule containing the MSNs was able to deliver S2 nanoparticles in colon tissue (first step), and then nanoparticles were able to deliver safranin O inside the colonic cells after the enzymatic stimuli (second step). This resulted in high levels of safranin O in colonic tissue combined with low dye levels in plasma and body tissues. The results suggested that this combination of enzyme-responsive gated MSNs and enteric coated capsules may improve the absorption of drugs in colon to treat local diseases with a reduction of systemic effects.The authors acknowledge the financial support from the Spanish Government (Projects MAT2015-64139-C4-1-R, SAF2016-78756 and AGL2015-70235-C2-2-R) and the Generalitat Valenciana (Project GVA/2014/13).Gonzalez-Alvarez, M.; Coll Merino, MC.; Gonzalez-Alvarez, I.; Giménez Morales, C.; Aznar, E.; Martínez-Bisbal, M.; Lozoya Agulló, I.... (2017). Gated Mesoporous Silica Nanocarriers for a "two-Step" Targeted System to Colonic Tissue. Molecular Pharmaceutics. 14(12):4442-4453. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.7b00565S44424453141

Gated Silica Mesoporous Supports for Controlled Release and Signaling Applications

[EN] Blending molecular and supramolecular advances with materials science has resulted in recent years in the development of new organic-inorganic hybrid materials displaying innovative functionalities. One appealing concept in this field is the development of gated nanodevices. These materials are prepared by grafting molecular or supramolecular caps onto the external surface of mesoporous inorganic scaffolds loaded with a particular cargo. The caps or "gates" can then be opened and the cargo delivered at will upon the application of a given stimulus. In this Account, we report some of the recent advances we have made in designing such materials for drug delivery and as new chromo-fluorogenic probes. For controlled release applications, we have prepared capped hybrid mesoporous supports capable of being selectively opened by applying certain physical and chemical stimuli. We report examples of gated materials opened by changes in pH (using polyamines as caps), light (employing spiropyran derivatives or gold nanoparticles), and temperature (using selected paraffins). We also report gated materials opened by enzymes that cleave capping molecules based on lactose, hydrolyzed starch, and peptides. The use of enzymes is especially appealing because molecular caps built of enzyme-specific sequences made of peptides or other cleavable molecules could allow on-command delivery of drugs and biomolecules in specialized contexts. In the second part of the manuscript, we revisit the possibility of using hybrid gated nanomaterials as sensory systems. In such systems, when target analytes interact with the cap, their presence triggers the transport of a dye from pores to the solution, resulting in a chromo-fluorogenic signal that allows their detection. Two approaches are possible. In the first one, pores remain open and the dye can diffuse into the solution, until the presence of a target analyte binds to receptors in the caps and closes the gate. In the second approach, the caps are closed and the presence of a target analyte induces pore opening and dye delivery. One of the most interesting properties of these sensory hybrid materials is their inherent amplification features, because few target analyte molecules can modulate the transport of a significant amount of dye molecules within the porous network. We describe such systems for the recognition and sensing of anionic (ATP, long-chain carboxylates, anionic surfactants, borate, and oligonucleotides), cationic (methylmercury), and neutral (nerve agent simulants and sulfathiazole) species.We thank the Spanish Government (Projects MAT 2009-14564-C04 and MAT 2012-38429-C04-01) and the Regional Valencian Government (Project PROMETEO/2009/016) for support.Coll Merino, MC.; Bernardos Bau, A.; Martínez Mañez, R.; Sancenón Galarza, F. (2013). Gated Silica Mesoporous Supports for Controlled Release and Signaling Applications. Accounts of Chemical Research. 46(2):339-349. https://doi.org/10.1021/ar3001469S33934946

Study of the dependency of the specific power absorption rate on several characteristics of the excitation magnetic signal when irradiating a SPION-containing ferrofluid

[EN] Magnetic hyperthermia mediated by superparamagnetic particles is mainly based in sinusoidal waveforms as excitation signals. Temperature changes are conventionally explained by rotation of the particles in the surrounding medium. This is a hypothesis quite questionable since habitual experimental setups only produce changes in the magnetic module, not in the field lines trajectories. Theoretical results were tested by changing the waveform of the exciting signal in order to compare non-sinusoidal signals against sinusoidal signals. Experiments were done at different frequencies: 200 KHz, 400 KHz, 600 KHz, 800 KHz and 1 MHz. Super paramagnetic Iron Oxide samples (SPION), made of magnetite (Fe3O4) and suspended in water (100 mg/ml), were used. Magnetic field strength varies from 0.1 +/- 0.015 KA/m to 0.6 +/- 0.015 KA/m. In this study was observed that the power loss depends on the applied frequency: for 1 to 2.5 RMS current the responses for each signal are part of the higher section of the exponential function, and for 3.5 to 8 RMS current the response is clearly the decrement exponential function's tale (under 1 x 10(3) LER/gr).Rosales, A.; Aznar, E.; Coll Merino, MC.; García Mendoza, R.; Urbano Bojorge, AL.; González, N.; Martínez-Máñez, R.... (2016). Study of the dependency of the specific power absorption rate on several characteristics of the excitation magnetic signal when irradiating a SPION-containing ferrofluid. Journal of Magnetics. 21(3):460-467. https://doi.org/10.4283/JMAG.2016.21.3.460S46046721

pH-Dependent Molecular Gate Mesoporous Microparticles for Biological Control of Giardia intestinalis

[EN] Giardiasis is a parasitism produced by the protozoa Giardia intestinalis that lives as trophozoite in the small intestine (mainly in the duodenum) attached to the intestinal villus by means of billed discs. The first line treatment is metronidazole, a drug with high bioavailability, which is why to obtain therapeutic concentrations in duodenum, it is necessary to administer high doses of drug to patients with the consequent occurrence of side effects. It is necessary to developed new therapeutical approaches to achieve a local delivery of the drug. In this sense, we have developed gated mesoporous silica microparticles loaded with metronidazole and with a molecular gate pH dependent. In vitro assays demonstrated that the metronidazole release is practically insignificant at acidic pHs, but in duodenum conditions, the metronidazole delivery from the microparticles is effective enough to produce an important parasite destruction. In vivo assays indicate that this microparticulate system allows to increase the concentration of the drug in duodenum and reduce the concentration in plasma avoiding systemic effects. This system could be useful for other intestinal local treatments in order to reduce doses and increase drug availability in target tissues.M.G.-A., I.G.-A. and M.B. thank the financial support from the project "MODELOS IN VITRO DE EVALUACION BIOFARMACEUTICA" SAF2016-78756(AEI/FEDER, EU) funded by Agencia Estatal Investigacion and European Union, through FEDER (Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional). The authors thank the financial support from the Spanish Government (projects RTI2018-100910-B-C41 and RTI2018-101599-B-C22-AR (MCUI/FEDER, EU)), Generalitat Valenciana (project PROMETEO 2018/024) and Universitat Politecnica de Valencia-FISABIO (project A41METRO-RELEASE). The authors also thank the Electron Microscopy Service at the UPV for support. B.S.-D. received a grant from the Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities of Spain, grant number FPU17/00530.Gonzalez-Alvarez, I.; Vivancos, V.; Coll Merino, MC.; Sánchez-Dengra, B.; Aznar, E.; Ruiz Picazo, A.; Bermejo, M.... (2021). pH-Dependent Molecular Gate Mesoporous Microparticles for Biological Control of Giardia intestinalis. Pharmaceutics. 13(1):1-17. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics1301009411713

Design of enzyme-mediated controlled release systems based on silica mesoporous supports capped with ester-glycol groups

[EN] An ethylene glycol-capped hybrid material for the controlled release of molecules in the presence of esterase enzyme has been prepared. The final organic-inorganic hybrid solid S1 was synthesized by a two-step procedure. In the first step, the pores of an inorganic MCM-41 support (in the form of nanoparticles) were loaded with [Ru(bipy) 3]Cl 2 complex, and then, in the second step, the pore outlets were functionalized with ester glycol moieties that acted as molecular caps. In the absence of an enzyme, release of the complex from aqueous suspensions of S1 at pH 8.0 is inhibited due to the steric hindrance imposed by the bulky ester glycol moieties. Upon addition of esterase enzyme, delivery of the ruthenium complex was observed due to enzymatic hydrolysis of the ester bond in the anchored ester glycol derivative, inducing the release of oligo(ethylene glycol) fragments. Hydrolysis of the ester bond results in size reduction of the appended group, therefore allowing delivery of the entrapped cargo. The S1 nanoparticles were not toxic for cells, as demonstrated by cell viability assays with HeLa and MCF-7 cell lines, and were found to be associated with lysosomes, as shown by confocal microscopy. However, when S1 nanoparticles were filled with the cytotoxic drug camptothecin (S1-CPT), S1-CPT-treated cells undergo cell death as a result of S1-CPT cell internalization and subsequent cellular enzyme-mediated hydrolysis and aperture of the molecular gate that induced the release of the camptothecin cargo. These findings point to a possible therapeutic application of these nanoparticles. © 2012 American Chemical Society.We thank the Spanish Government (Projects MAT2009-14564-C04 and SAF2010-15512) and the Generalitat Valencia (Project PROMETEO/2009/016) for support. A.A. and L.M. thank the Generalitat Valenciana for their Santiago Grisolia fellowship and VALI+D postdoctoral contract, respectively. We thank Eva Maria Lafuente Villarreal from the confocal microscopy service from CIPF for technical support.Agostini, A.; Mondragón Martínez, L.; Pascual Vidal, L.; Aznar Gimeno, E.; Coll Merino, MC.; Martínez Mañez, R.; Sancenón Galarza, F.... (2012). Design of enzyme-mediated controlled release systems based on silica mesoporous supports capped with ester-glycol groups. Langmuir. 28:14766-14776. https://doi.org/10.1021/la303161eS14766147762