Usporedba znanja, prehrambenog ponašanja i unosa mlijeka i mliječnih proizvoda djece školske dobi s obzirom na spol i dob

Besides traditional nutrients, milk and dairy products contain some health promoting components. The aim of this study was to detect the frequency and preferences among dairy products in school children according to age and gender. The subjects were 234 healthy children at age 10-11 years and 14-15 years from two primary schools in Zagreb. Number of participants was well balanced according to age and gender. Dietary data were collected using specially designed food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). By additional questionnaire some anthropometric parameters as well as food preferences, attitudes and nutrition knowledge on milk and dairy products were collected. According to the results the intake of milk is significantly different (p< 0.05) to gender but not to age. 91 % children consume milk, 2.3 cups/day in average. Soft drinks, fruit juices, beverages and similar drinks are consumed more often than milk. Pudding and ice cream had the highest frequency among dairy products consumed. Milk and dairy frequency intake according to age and gender are still not significantly different. Children mostly consume fresh milk (68.7%). Girls at age 14-15 years consume light milk ( ≤1.6 % fat) more than younger children and boys at the same age. 86 % of children is well informed about nutritional facts linked to milk and dairy products and they are mostly educate by parents. Among anthropometric parameters a statistically significant difference (p<0.05) was observed in height with regard to gender, only among older children, and for both height and, weight and body mass indeks (BMI) with regard to age.Mlijeko i mliječni proizvodi osim tradicionalnih hranjivih sastojaka sadrže i tvari koje povoljno utječu na zdravlje. Cilj ovog rada bio je utvrditi učestalost i vrste namirnica koje konzumiraju djeca, te način odabira navedenih proizvoda s obzirom na dob i spol. Istraživanjem je obuhvaćeno 234 zdrave djece dobi 10-11 godina i 14-15 godina iz dvije osnovne škole u Zagrebu. Unutar navedenog broja djece uravnotežen je bio broj s obzirom na dob i spol. Dijetetički podaci prikupljeni su pomoću posebno priređenih upitnika o učestalosti konzumiranja (FFQ) namirnica iz skupine mlijeko i mliječni proizvodi. Pomoću dodatnog upitnika prikupljeni su neki antropometrijski parametri (tjelesna masa i visina), te preferencije, prehrambeno ponašanje i stupanj prehrambene edukacije vezane uz mlijeko i mliječne proizvode. Dobiveni rezultati ukazuju na statistički značajnu razliku (p<0,05) u konzumiranju mlijeka među djecom s obzirom na spol, ali ne i dob. Od ukupnog broja djece 91 % konzumira mlijeko, prosječno 2,3 šalice na dan. Sokovi, gazirana pića i slični napici češće se konzumiraju od mlijeka. Puding i sladoled imaju najveću frekvenciju konzumiranja od proizvoda iz skupine mlijeko i mliječni proizvodi. Ipak, učestalost konzumiranja namirnica iz ove skupine statistički se značajno ne razlikuje s obzirom na dob i spol. Djeca uglavnom konzumiraju svježe mlijeko (68,7%). Djevojčice dobi 14-15 godina konzumiraju light mlijeko ( ≤1,6 % m.m.) više od svojih vršnjaka i mlađe djece. 86 % djece je dobro informirano o prehrambenim činjenicama vezanim za mlijeko i mliječne proizvode i uglavnom su educirani od strane roditelja. Od antropometrijskih parametara statistički značajna razlika (p<0,05) utvrđena je za visinu, s obzirom na spol samo među starijom djecom, te za visinu, tjelesnu masu i BMI s obzirom na dob

Frequency of dairy products in preschool centers’ meals with regard to seasons

Mlijeko i mliječni proizvodi izvor su velikog broja esencijalnih nutrijenata za ljudski organizam, ali i komponente koje imaju pozitivni utjecaj na ljudsko zdravlje. Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je utvrditi prehrambenu vrijednost i učestalost mlijeka i mliječnih proizvoda u obrocima koji se nude u predškolskim ustanovama s obzirom na godišnje doba. Da bi se utvrdila energijska i nutritivna vrijednost, kao i učestalost određenih namirnica u obroku, korišteni su mjesečni jelovnici za četiri godišnja doba. Prema dobivenim rezultatima obroci energijski odgovaraju, dok proteina ima više nego li se preporuča (154, 3 %). Energijski udjel mlijeka i mliječnih proizvoda u prosjeku iznosi 14,3 %, što je s obzirom na potrebe djece u dobi 4-6 godina, manje od preporučenog. Ti proizvodi bili su u prosjeku 6,5 puta/5 dana, što znači 1,6 servirnih jedinica po danu. Mlijeko je najzastupljenije u dnevnim jelovnicima, dok je jogurt zastupljen jednom do dva puta, a sir jednom na tjedan, a čak i rjeđe. Mlijeko i mliječni proizvodi bili su izvor 362 mg (45,5 % DRI) kalcija, 272 mg (354,4 % DRI) fosfora, 36,3 mg (27,9 % DRI) magnezija i 0,5 mg (83,3 % DRI) vitamina B2. Mlijeko i mliječni proizvodi u dnevnom jelovniku predškolskih ustanova trebali bi biti češće zastupljeni. S obzirom na godišnje doba, statistički značajna razlika utvrđena je uglavnom između proljeća i ljeta, s obzirom na zastupljenost mlijeka i mliječnih proizvoda, a s obzirom na energijsku i nutritivnu vrijednost uglavnom između ponuđenih obroka u proljeće i jesen.It is well known that dairy products contain a great number of essential nutrients having positive influence on human health. The aim of this study wasmto determine the nutritive value of meals and frequency of dairy products in preschool centers’ meals with regard to season. For assessment of energy and nutritive value as well ascertain food frequency in daily diet during four seasons the monthly reports menu were used. According to the results the energy gained by the meals was adequate. Proteins were present in high amount (154.3 % RDA). The energy fraction of dairy products in average was 14.3 % what is for children age 4-6 less than recommended. Those products were served in average 6.5 times/5 days what represented 1.6 serving units per day. Milk was present in daily meals on regular basis, yogurt was present twice and cheese ones a week or even less. Milk and dairy products ensured of 362 mg (45.5 % DRI) of calcium, 272 mg (354.4 % DRI) of phosphorus, 36.3 mg (27.9 % DRI) of magnesium and 0.5 mg (83.3 % DRI) of vitamin B2. Thus, dairy products should be included at least twice in daily preschool meals. According to season significant difference was detected, mostly between spring and summer, with regard to milk and dairy products. With regard to energy and nutritive value difference between spring and autumn have been established

Assessment of nutritional status of gastroenterology patients in Croatia [Procjena nutritivnog statusa gastroenteroloških bolesnika u Republici Hrvatskoj]

Malnutrition is a common feature of gastroenterological diseases. In this study, nutritional status of the patients admitted to Department of Gastroenterology at University Hospital Center Zagreb was assessed. Anthropometric, dietetic, biochemical methods and method of Subjective Global Assessment (SGA) was used. The study group included 284 patients admitted to the Hospital. Malnutrition, as defined by SGA, was found in 61.1% of the patients, of whom 75% were moderately and 25% severely malnourished. Those patients classified as moderately and extremely malnourished by SGA were found to have statistically lower values of BMI, albumin, total proteins, calcium, iron, triglycerides, cholesterol, vitamin A and lymphocytes as compared to those who were adequately nourished. The prevalence of malnutrition in hospitalized patients treated at the Department of Gastroenterology is high. The use of nutritional screening with multiple measures would be important in the early identification and treatment of these patients and would help decrease this high prevalence

Milk and dairy products in hotel daily menue

Cilj rada je utvrditi udio mlijeka i mliječnih proizvoda kao značajnih izvora energije, makronutrijenata, vitamina i minerala u prosječnoj hotelskoj menu ponudi. U tu svrhu izvršena je nutritivna analiza 66 cjelodnevnih menu ponuda (doručak, ručak, večera). Rezultati su statistički obrađeni i uspoređeni sa preporukama, uz osvrt na potrebe gostiju srednje i starije životne dobi, oba spola. Dobiveni rezultati su pokazali da obroci nisu uravnoteženi, te da prevelik udio ukupne energijske vrijednosti potječe od masti (prosječno 47.95%) dok svega 37.57 % ukupne energije potječe iz ugljikohidratnih izvora. Ukupna energijska vrijednost obroka bila je viša od preporuka za sve analizirane skupine gostiju. Udio energijske vrijednosti porijeklom iz mlijeka i mliječnih proizvoda je 11% što se može smatrati zadovoljavajućim. Najčešće ponuđena namirnica iz ove skupine bilo je mlijeko, dok je sladoled na drugom mjestu. Neophodno je povećati ponudu jogurta i ostalih mliječno fermentiranih proizvoda, posebice u ponudi za goste starije životne dobi. Unosom mlijeka i mliječnih proizvoda muškarci i žene su zadovoljili 92% potreba za kalcijem obzirom na RDA preporuke, odnosno 61.80% potreba prema DRI preporukama za osobe starije životne dobi.The aim of this work was to determine the portion of milk and dairy products as a source of macronutrients, energy, vitamins and minerals in average hotel menus for some category of hotel guests. For this purpose the evaluation of 66 whole day meals (breakfast, lunch and supper) on daily menus was made. Meals were therefore mathematically and statistically analysed and compared with recommendations (RDA and DRI) for middle aged and elderly guests, both genders. The obtained results indicated that the meals should be balanced according to nutritional principles, because of too high energy share derived from fats (average 47.95%) while just about 37.57% of daily energy was from carbohydrates origin. The energy values were much higher than recommendations for both genders, respectively. The energy share from milk and dairy products origin was 11% of total energy what should be considered as a suitable. The most served dairy product was milk while the ice-cream took the second place. It is necessary to increase the yogurt and similar fermented products consumption, especially for the elderly guests. With milk and dairy products consumption males and females fulfill 92% RDA for calcium, and 61.80 % DRI for elderly, respectively

Assessment of Nutritional Status of Gastroenterology Patients in Croatia

Malnutrition is a common feature of gastroenterological diseases. In this study, nutritional status of the patients admitted to Department of Gastroenterology at University Hospital Center Zagreb was assessed. Anthropometric, dietetic, biochemical methods and method of Subjective Global Assessment (SGA) was used. The study group included 284 patients admitted to the Hospital. Malnutrition, as defined by SGA, was found in 61.1% of the patients, of whom 75% were moderately and 25% severely malnourished. Those patients classified as moderately and extremely malnourished by SGA were found to have statistically lower values of BMI, albumin, total proteins, calcium, iron, triglycerides, cholesterol, vitamin A and lymphocytes as compared to those who were adequately nourished. The prevalence of malnutrition in hospitalized patients treated at the Department of Gastroenterology is high. The use of nutritional screening with multiple measures would be important in the early identification and treatment of these patients and would help decrease this high prevalence

Bezglutenski proizvodi namijenjeni osobama s celijakijom nisu dobar izvor folata i vitamina B12

The gluten-free diet, the only treatment in coeliac disease, can be nutritionally unbalanced and deficient in several nutrients. Gluten-free products contain much lower levels of B vitamins, especially lower folate concentrations than their gluten-containing counterparts. Folate intake is considered as a major dietary determinant of plasma homocysteine concentration in healthy population. Elevated homocysteine is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease and has been associated with osteoporotic fractures, which are an increased risk factor in coeliac disease. The aim of this study is to determine dietary folate intake and plasma homocysteine concentration as metabolic markers of suboptimal intake of folate and B12 in Croatian coeliac patients living on a gluten-free diet. Subjects were 52 coeliac patients (83 % female, age 35±13) adhering to a gluten-free diet. Blood samples were analyzed for plasma homocysteine, serum and red blood cell folate and serum B12. Quantitative food frequency questionnaire was used to measure dietary folate intake. Mean dietary folate intake was 206 mg of dietary folate equivalents (DFE), which was far below the national recommendation of 400 µg of DFE (or 200 μg of folic acid). Mean homocysteine was (9±2) μmol/L (range from 5.42 to 13.90 μmol/L), while elevated homocysteine concentrations (>10 μmol/L) were found in 34 % of subjects. In conclusion, coeliac patients adhering to gluten-free diet included in this study showed low folate intake and suboptimal folate and vitamin B12 status, possibly due to low folate content in gluten-free products. Therefore, folate fortification or enrichment of gluten-free products could be beneficial for coeliac patients and it would be of great interest for the food industry.Bezglutenska prehrana, jedini lijek za oboljele od celijakije, može biti neuravnotežena zbog nedostataka nekih hranjivih tvari. Bezglutenski proizvodi sadrže manju količinu vitamina B, osobito folata, nego slični proizvodi koji sadrže gluten. U zdravih osoba koncentracija homocisteina u plazmi uglavnom ovisi o prehrambenom unosu folata. Povećana vrijednost homocisteina u posljednje se vrijeme povezuje s osteoporozom koja je učestala u osoba s celijakijom. Svrha je ovoga rada utvrditi unos folata i status homocisteina kao metaboličkoga biljega suboptimalnog unosa folata i vitamina B12 u osoba s celijakijom na području Republike Hrvatske. U istraživanju su sudjelovale 52 osobe s celijakijom koje su na bezglutenskoj prehrani (83 % žena, dobi 35±13 godina). Analizom krvi utvrđena je koncentracija homocisteina, folata u serumu i eritrocitima te vitamina B12 u serumu. Kvantitativni je upitnik za procjenu unosa hrane i pića upotrijebljen radi utvrđivanja prehrambenog unosa folata. Prosječni je unos folata bio 206 µg ekvivalenata folata (eng. dietary folate equivalents-DFE), što je kudikamo manje od nacionalne preporuke koja navodi 400 µg DFE odnosno 200 µg folne kiseline. Prosječna vrijednost homocisteina iznosila je 9±2 µmol/L (raspon 5,42-13,90 µmol/L). Povećana vrijednost homocisteina (>10 µmol/L) utvrđena je u 34 % ispitanika. Može se zaključiti da osobe s celijakijom koje se pridržavaju bezglutenske prehrane, a sudjelovale su u ovom istraživanju, imaju mali unos folata i suboptimalan status folata i vitamina B12, vjerojatno zbog unosa folatom siromašnih bezglutenskih proizvoda. Stoga bi obogaćivanje ili dodatak folata u bezglutenske proizvode mogao povoljno utjecati na osobe s celijakijom, te predstavljati izazov prehrambenoj industriji

Zastupljenost mlijeka i mliječnih proizvoda u prehrani adolescenata s obzirom na spol i sredinu u kojoj žive

The aim of this study was to determine the portion of the milk and dairy products as source of energy, macronutrients and calcium in average daily diet of adolescents according to sex and living area. A group of four hundred and forty one adolescents (46 % from rural, and 54 % from urban area in Croatia), both sexes, between 15 to 18 years of age, who attended high school represented the study subject. Weight and height were determined using standard techniques and following the norms of the WHO. Food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) for mass and frequency as well as energy and nutritional components of dairy products intake were used. The results indicated that adolescents in urban area consumed statistically significant (p<0.05) higher amount of milk and dairy products. Higher intake of energy, protein and calcium from milk and dairy products among adolescents in urban area was also observed. Average intake of calcium according to recommendation (RDA) is adequate for sex and age among subjects in urban are. Lower calcium intake was observed among the girls. In terms of food types, higher fat content dairy products were consumed among adolescents in both living areas, while according to sex, girls mostly consumed less fat milk and dairy products. According to body mass index (BMI) adolescents in both living areas were nourished well.Cilj ovog rada bio je utvrditi udjel mlijeka i mliječnih proizvoda, kao izvor energije, makronutrijenta i kalcija u prehrani adolescenata s obzirom na spol i sredinu u kojoj žive. Ispitanike je činila skupina od 441 srednjoškolskog učenika (46 % iz ruralne i 54 % iz urbane sredine u Hrvatskoj), oba spola, dobi 15-18 godina. Tjelesna masa i visina ispitanika utvrđena je standardnom tehnikom utvrđenom od WHO. Upitnik o učestalosti i vrsti konzumiranja (FFQ) namirnica iz skupine mlijeka i mliječnih proizvoda, korišten je i za utvrđivanje mase konzumiranih namirnica. Na osnovi dobivenih podataka utvrđena je zastupljenost, te energetska i prehrambena vrijednost namirnica iz navedene skupine, u strukturi cjelodnevnih obroka. Rezultati ukazuju na statistički značajniji (p<0,05) udjel mlijeka i mliječnih proizvoda u prehrani adolescenata iz urbane sredine. Stoga je utvrđen i značajniji unos energije, proteina i kacija iz navedene skupine namirica u istoj populacijskoj skupini. Prosječni unos kalcija, s obzirom na preporučeni dnevni unos (RDA) adekvatan je u adolescenata iz urbane sredine s obizom na dob i spol. Ipak, niži unos kalcija utvrđen je među ispitanicima ženskog spola. Rezultati ukazuju na značajniju zastupljenost namirnica s većim udjelom masti u prehrani svih ispitanika. Utvrđena je međutim razlika u odabiru namirnica s obzirom na spol, pa djevojke konzumiraju proizvode s manje masti. Prema indeksu mase tijela (BMI) svi ispitanici su adekvatno uhranjeni

Utjecaj nasljeđa i okoliša na vršnu koštanu gustoću: pregled istraživanja u Hrvatskoj

One of the main determinants of who will develop osteoporosis is the amount of bone accumulated at peak bone density. There is poor agreement, however, on when peak bone density occurs. Ethnic differences were observed in age at peak bone density and their correlates. Since the diagnosis of osteoporosis and osteopaenia is based on the comparison between patients’ bone mineral density (BMD) and optimal peak bone density in healthy young people (T-score), it is of great importance that each country should provide its own reference peak bone density data. This review article presents our published results on peak bone density in Croatia and compares them with findings in other populations. Our research included 18 to 25-year-old students from Zagreb University and their parents. The results showed that peak bone mass in young Croatian women was achieved before the age of twenty, but BMD continued to increase after the mid-twenties in the long-bone cortical skeleton. BMD was comparable to the values reported by the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) and other studies that included the same age groups, except for the cortical part of the radius, where it was signifi cantly lower. Men achieved peak bone density in the spine later than women, which cannot be explained by different diet or physical activity. As expected, heredity was more important for peak bone density than the environmental factors known to be important for bone health. However, the infl uence of heredity was not as strong as observed in most other populations. It was also weaker in the cortical than in the trabecular parts of the skeleton. Future research should include young adolescent population to defi ne the exact age of achieving peak bone density in different skeletal sites.Vršna koštana gustoća je jedna od najvažnijih pretpostavki za nastanak osteoporoze. Poznati su rizični faktori za vršnu koštanu gustoću, ali vrijeme njezinog postizanja nije u potpunosti defi nirano. S obzirom na to da se dijagnoza osteoporoze i osteopenije temelji na usporedbi mineralne gustoće kosti (BMD) pojedinca s prosječnom vršnom koštanom gustoćom u mladoj, odrasloj populaciji (T vrijednost), vrlo je značajno da svaka zemlja utvrdi vrijednosti vršne koštane gustoće za svoju populaciju. U ovom smo radu prikazali naša istraživanja i objavljene rezultate o vršnoj koštanoj gustoći u hrvatskoj populaciji i usporedili rezultate s drugim istraživanjima u svijetu. Naše je istraživanje obuhvatilo studentsku populaciju u dobi od 18 do 25 godina i njihove roditelje. Rezultati su pokazali da se u našoj populaciji vršna koštana gustoća postiže prije 20. godine na trabekularnoj kosti, a na kortikalnom dijelu skeleta nakon 25. godine života. Vrijednosti vršne koštane gustoće u našoj populaciji slične su onima iz studije National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), kao i iz ostalih studija koje su obuhvatile istu dobnu skupinu, osim na kortikalnom dijelu skeleta, gdje su u našoj populaciji nađene značajno niže vrijednosti. Kasnije postizanje vršne koštane gustoće u muškaraca nego u žena bilo je najizraženije na kralježnici, što se nije moglo objasniti različitim prehrambenim navikama i razinom tjelesne aktivnosti među spolovima. Nasljeđe je imalo veći utjecaj na koštanu gustoću od okolišnih faktora, ali taj utjecaj nije bio toliko značajan kao u većini drugih istraživanja. Utjecaj nasljeđa na vršnu koštanu gustoću bio je manji na kortikalnom nego na trabekularnom dijelu skeleta. Bilo bi važno proširiti istraživanje na mladu adolescentnu populaciju i tako točnije defi nirati vrijeme postizanja vršne koštane gustoće na pojedinim dijelovima skeleta

Milk and dairy products in socially imperiled seniors\u27 all day meals

Cilj rada bio je utvrditi udjel mlijeka i mliječnih proizvoda u strukturi cjelodnevnog obroka socijalno ugroženih starijih osoba, kojima se dostavlja jedan topli obrok (ručak) na dan. Dijetetičkim istraživanjem bili su obuhvaćeni štićenici jednog većeg zagrebačkog naselja te analizirani obroci koji se dostavljaju. Prema dobivenim rezultatima prosječna energetska vrijednost obroka koji se dostavljaju iznosi 2848 kJ, što je 29-35 % od preporuka za dnevni unos (RDA) energije u starijih osoba. Udjel proteina u tim obrocima bio je 30-55 g ili 20-42% od RDA za proteine. Udjel minerala i vitamina bio je promjenjiv. Od minerala najlošije je zastupljen kalcij (19.3 % RDA), a vitamin B2 (45.7 % RDA for men and 53.3 % RDA for women) od vitamina. Prosječni dnevni udjel mlijeka i mliječnih proizvoda u dostavljanim obrocima bio je vrlo nizak. U njima, je mlijeko jedini zastupljeni proizvod i to manje od 1 dL na tjedan. Cjelodnevnim obrokom 90 % ispitanika konzumira 1.5 dL do 2.0 dL mlijeka na dan. Osim mlijeka, svega 5 % ispitanika konzumira jogurt i polutvrdi sir jedan do dva puta na tjedan. Prema utvrđenim podacima u obroke koji se dostavljaju trebalo bi uvrstiti mlijeko i mliječne proizvode (osobito nemasni jogurt i svježi kravlji sir). Time bi se povećao udjel kalcija ali i poboljšala prehrambena vrijednost obroka.The aim of this study was to determine share of milk and dairy products in all-day meals socially imperiled independent-living elders who had organized one meal (lunch) on wheels daily. Dietetic monitoring was made in one subarea of Zagreb and meals on wheels were analized. According to results average energetic value of meals on the wheels was 2848 kJ, what was 29-35 % of recommended daily intake (RDA). Protein content in those meals was 30-55 g or 20-42 % of RDA for proteins. Content of minerals and vitamins was very fluctuating. Of minerals the lowest content was for calcium (19.3 % RDA) as well as for vitamin B2 (45.7 % RDA for men and 53.3 % RDA for women) of vitamins. Average daily share of milk and dairy products in meals on wheels was very low. Milk was the only present product in those meals and frequency was once per week in quantity less than 1 dL. By all-day meals 90 % examinees consumed 1.5 dL to 2.0 dL milk per day. Except the milk, only 5 % examinees consumed yogurt or semihard cheese once or twice per week. According to results some dairy products (as non-fat yogurt and fresh soft cheese) should be include in the meals on wheels. That would increase the share of calcium as well as nutritive value of the meals on wheels

Esencijalni minerali mlijeka i njihov dnevni unos konzumiranjem mlijeka

Minerals occur in all foodstuffs as well as in milk and dairy products. The mineral content in milk is influenced by many factors ranging from environmental conditions during pasture, feeding, breeding, stage of lactation and climate to post-milking handling, transportation and processing. The aim of the study was to assess whether the intakes comply with Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA), Adequate Intakes (AIs) or Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (ULs) for essential elements. Milk samples from different producers and with different fat content were purchased from Zagreb’s market four times in year 2007 and analysed. Concentrations of ten minerals (Ca, P, Mg, Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn, Ni, K and Na) were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry. Mean values of mineral contents were in range with the literature data. The daily intakes of these minerals by school children selected in age-gender groups (school children 8-9 years old and adolescents 15-18 years old) through milk consumption were also estimated. The average daily intake of essential minerals ranged from a minimum of 1.36 % of manganese up to 35.27 for phosphorus, irrespective of age and gender of children.Minerali se nalaze u svim namirnicama pa tako i u mlijeku i mliječnim proizvodima. Na udjel minerala u mlijeku utječu mnogi faktori, od uvjeta zaštite okoliša za vrijeme ispaše, hranjenja, uzgoja, stadija laktacije i klime do postupaka nakon mužnje, transporta i obrade. Cilj istraživanja bio je procijeniti je li unos esencijalnih minerala u skladu s vrijednostima za Preporučene dnevne unose (RDA), Adekvatne unose (AIs) ili Maksimalno dozvoljene dnevne unose (Uls) za esencijalne elemente. Analizirani su uzorci mlijeka različitih proizvođača, s različitim udjelom masti, a nabavljeni su na zagrebačkom tržištu četiri puta tijekom 2007. godine. Udjeli deset minerala (Ca, P, Mg, Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn, Ni, K and Na) određeni su pomoću atomske apsorpcijske spektrometrije. Srednje vrijednosti udjela minerala bile su u skladu s literaturnim podacima. Također je procijenjen dnevni unos navedenih minerala putem mlijeka, kod djece školskog uzrasta (školska djeca u dobi 8-9 godina i adolescenti u dobi 15-18 godina) podijeljene u grupe obzirom na godine i spol. Prosječni dnevni unosi esencijalnih minerala kretali su se od minimalno 1,36 % za mangan do maksimalno 35,27 % za fosfor, bez obzira na dob i spol djece