3,791 research outputs found
Determination of cadmium (II) and zinc (II) in olive oils by derivative potentiometric stripping analysis
A method for the determination of cadmium (II) and zinc (II) in olive oils by derivative potentiometric stripping analysis after dry ashing of the sample is described. The metal ions were concentrated as their amalgams on a glassy carbon working electrode that was previously coated with a thin mercury film and then stripped by a suitable oxidant. Potential and time data were digitally converted into dt dE 121, and E was plotted vs. dt dE 121, thus increasing sensitivity of the method and improving resolution of the analysis. Quantitative analysis was carried out by the method of standard additions; a good linearity was obtained in the range of concentrations examined. Recoveries of 92\u2013102% for cadmium (II) and of 89\u201399% for zinc (II) were obtained from an olive oil spiked at different levels. The detection limits were 5.1 ng g 121 for cadmium (II) and 7.6 ng g 121 for zinc (II)
High performance liquid chromatographic determination of 2-furaldehyde and 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furaldehyde in honey
A method of determination of 2-furaldehyde (F) and 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furaldehyde (HMF) in honey by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is described. The method is based on the formation of the 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazones of carbonyl compounds and subsequent reversed-phase separation of these derivatives. Derivatization is carried out by utilizing an acidic solution of 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine in acetonitrile. Precipitation of the derivatives of carbonyl compounds is thus avoided and direct injection of the sample into the HPLC system is allowed. The procedure offers a high specificity, since the derivatives of F and HMF are well separated from the other components of the mixture under examination. Recoveries of 95-99% were obtained from honey spiked at different levels with both analytes. The detection limit is of the order of 10 \u3bcg/kg of honey and reproducibility (mean of six determinations) is \ub13% for F and \ub12% for HMF
High performance liquid chromatographic determination of 2-furaldehyde and 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furaldehyde in processes citrus juices
The occurrence of 2-furaldehyde (F) and 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furaldehyde (HMF) in processed citrus juices is an indication of quality deterioration. A close relationship between flavor changes and F content exists, while HMF can give rise to browning reactions. Both F and HMF are formed during heat processing or storage at improper temperatures. The detection of these compounds becomes more and more important as aseptic processing and packaging of citrus juices are becoming widespread. Aseptic packaging allows higher temperatures during distribution and storage to be employed without microbial spoilage, but off-flavors develop as citrus products are exposed to these conditions. In this paper a method of determination by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is described. The method is based on the formation of the 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazones of carbonyl compounds and subsequent reversed-phase separation of these derivatives. Derivatization is carried out by utilizing an acidic solution of 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine in acetonitrile. Precipitation of the derivatives of carbonyl compounds is thus avoided, and direct injection of the sample into the HPLC system is allowed. The determination offers a high specificity and a detection limit of the order of 10-8 mol/l for both analytes. Recoveries from an orange juice spiked at different levels are quantitative. Reproducibility data are presented
High performance liquid chromatographic determination of 2-furaldehyde and 5- hydroxymethyl-2-furaldehyde in fruit juices
A method for the determination of 2-furaldehyde (F) and 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furaldehyde (HMF) in fruit juices by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is described. The method is based on the formation of the 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazones of carbonyl compounds and subsequent separation of these derivatives. Derivatization is carried out by utilizing an acidic solution of 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine in acetonitrile. Precipitation of the derivatives of carbonyl compounds is thus avoided; and direct injection of the sample into the HPLC system is allowed. The procedure offers a high specificity and a detection limit of the order of 10\u20138 mol/L. Recoveries of 95-98% are obtained from apple juice spiked at different levels with both analytes. The reproducibility (mean of six determinations) is \ub1 2% for F and \ub1 3% for HMF
High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of 2-furaldehyde in spirits
Official methods for the determination of 2-furaldehyde in spirits involve for a spectrophotometric evaluation, which is characterized by poor specificity. Gas chromatographic evaluations have also been proposed, which offer a much higher sensitivity, particularly when capillary columns are used. In this paper a high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method based on the formation of the 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazones of carbonyl compounds and subsequent reversed-phase separation of these derivatives is described. Derivatization is carried out by utilizing an acidic solution of 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine in acetonitrile. Precipitation of the derivatives is avoided, and direct injection of the sample into the HPLC system is allowed. The determination offers a high specificity and a detection limit of the order of 10-8 mol/l. Accuracy and reproducibility data are presented
Evidence and research perspectives for surgeons in the European Rectal Cancer Consensus Conference (EURECA-CC2)
PURPOSE: Although surgery remains the most important treatment of rectal cancer, the management of this disease has evolved to become more multidisciplinary to offer the best clinical outcome. The International Conference on Multidisciplinary Rectal Cancer Treatment: Looking for an European Consensus' (EURECA-CC2) had the due to identify the degree of consensus that could be achieved across a wide range of topics relating to the management of rectal cancer helping shape future programs, investigational protocols and guidelines for staging and treatment throughout Europe. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Consensus was achieved using the Delphi method. Eight chapters were identified: epidemiology, diagnostics, pathology, surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy, treatment toxicity and quality of life, follow-up, and research questions. Each chapter was subdivided by topic, and a series of statements were developed. Each committee member commented and voted, sentence by sentence three times. Sentences which did not reach agreement after voting round # 2 were openly debated during the Conference in Perugia (Italy) December 2008. The Executive Committee scored percentage consensus based on three categories: 'large consensus', 'moderate consensus', 'minimum consensus'. RESULTS: The total number of the voted sentences was 207. Of the 207, 86% achieved large consensus, 13% achieved moderate consensus, and only 3 (1%) resulted in minimum consensus. No statement was disagreed by more than 50% of members. All chapters were voted on by at least 75% of the members, and the majority was voted on by 85%. CONCLUSIONS: This Consensus Conference represents an expertise opinion process that may help shape future programs, investigational protocols, and guidelines for staging and treatment of rectal cancer throughout Europe. In spite of substantial progress, many research challenges remain
THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHILDREN’S IDENTIFICATION: A CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISON BETWEEN BULGARIA, ITALY AND UKRAINE
The study presented here analyses the development of self-categorisation,
national, European and local identification of Bulgarian, Ukrainian and Italian
children and adolescents growing up in Bulgaria, Ukraine and Italy.
The sample consisted of 541 children aged 6, 9, 12 and 15 years. It was found
that national, European and local identifications differ in the three national
groups. It is argued that the cognitive-developmental account of the development
of national identification is unable to explain the patterns of findings
which were obtained. The social identity theory, however, is able to explain the
different patterns of importance given to the different identifications by the three
national groups
Characterisation of Columbite-Tantalite (Coltan) ore from Congo. Elemental composition by total reflection X-ray fluorescence analysis
The paper describes the analysis of a columbite-tantalite (coltan) mineral ore from
Congo by using total reflection X-ray fluorescence (TRXRF) analysis. The sample was
mineralised with a lithium tetraborate and lithium metaborate flux mixture. TRXRF allows
multi-element analysis in a wide range of concentrations. The results were in good
agreement with those obtained by using another alkaline fusion with sodium peroxide
Determination of zinc (II), cadmium (II), lead (II) and copper (II) in common and balsamic vinegar by stripping chronopotentiometry
A method for the determination of zinc (II), cadmium (II), lead (II) and copper (II) in
common and balsamic vinegar by stripping chronopotentiometry is described. The metal
ions were concentrated as their amalgams on a glassy carbon working electrode that
was previously coated with a thin mercury film and then stripped by a suitable oxidant.
Potential and time data were digitally converted into dt dE-1, and E was plotted vs. dt dE-1,
thus increasing both sensitivity of the method and resolution of the analysis. Quantitative
analysis was carried out by the method of standard additions. A good linearity was
obtained in the range of concentrations examined. Recoveries of 90-98% for zinc (II), 91-
97% for cadmium (II), 94-98% for lead (II) and 93-97% for copper (II) were obtained
from a sample spiked at different levels. The detection limits were 10.6 ng g-1 for zinc (II),
2.2 ng g-1 for cadmium (II), 3.4 ng g-1 for lead (II) and 4.2 ng g-1 for copper (II) and the
relative standard deviations (mean of nine determinations) were 4.8, 6.5, 3.2 and 5.3%,
respectively. Results obtained on commercial common and balsamic vinegars were not
significantly different from those obtained by atomic absorption spectrometr
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